The Relative Importance of Actual and Potential Competition: Empirical Evidence From the Pharmaceuticals Market

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mats A. Bergman ◽  
Niklas Rudholm
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Potential Competition

Bargaining, Enforcement, and International Cooperation

1998 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Fearon
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Arms Control ◽  
Bargaining Problem ◽  
Game Model ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
High Expectation ◽  
Issue Area ◽  
Relative Gains

Neoliberals and their neorealist critics have debated the relative importance of two main obstacles to international cooperation—problems of cheating and enforcement and problems of relative gains. By contrast, I argue that problems of international cooperation have a common strategic structure in which a third, distinct obstacle plays a crucial role. Almost regardless of the issue area, states must first resolve the bargaining problem of agreeing on terms before they can implement and begin to enforce an agreement. Furthermore, the bargaining and enforcement problems interact. Using a game model, I show that if states must bargain to determine the deal to be enforced, the “shadow of the future” cuts two ways. A high expectation of continued interactions may make enforcing the agreement easier, but it can also give states an incentive to bargain harder, delaying agreement in hopes of getting a better deal. Empirical evidence from trade and arms control negotiations suggests that this mechanism may help to explain the costly standoffs that are often observed in international politics and are problematic for received neoliberal theories.

scholarly journals ARE THE DETERMINANTS OF YOUNG SME PROFITABILITY DIFFERENT? EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE USING DYNAMIC ESTIMATORS

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Maçãs Nunes ◽  
Ana Viveiros ◽  
Zélia Serrasqueiro
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Step Method

Using two step method, namely probit regressions and dynamic estimators, and on the basis of two sub-samples of Portuguese SMEs: 1) 495 young SMEs; and 2) 1350 old SMEs, this study seeks to verify if age is a important factor of the relationships between determinants and profitability. Age, size, liquidity and long-term debt are of greater relative importance for the increased profitability, while risk is of greater relative importance for diminished profitability of young SMEs, compared to the case of old SMEs. R&D expenditure is of greater relative importance for increased profitability in old SMEs. Additionally, old SMEs have more persistent profitability than do young SMEs.

scholarly journals Labor Supply Responses to Learning the Tax and Benefit Schedule

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (11) ◽  
pp. 3733-3766
Author(s):  
Andreas R. Kostøl ◽  
Andreas S. Myhre
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Information Frictions ◽  
Total Attenuation ◽  
Experimental Variation ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Role Of Information

Despite the implications for policy, empirical evidence on the relative importance of factors that shape labor supply responses is missing. This paper helps fill this gap and quantifies the role of information frictions versus other frictions by combining notches in the Norwegian welfare system and quasi-experimental variation in access to information about the slope and location of kinks. While we estimate a frictionless elasticity of 0.3, overall frictions attenuate this elasticity by about 70 percent. We find the information letter increased the earnings elasticity from 0.06 to 0.15, implying that information frictions account for at least 30 percent of total attenuation. (JEL D83, H24, I38, J22, J28, J31)

scholarly journals Characterizing the effect of drought, conflict, and locusts on food security in Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weston Anderson ◽  
Charles Taylor ◽  
Sonali Prabhat McDermid ◽  
Elisabeth Ilboudo-Nébié ◽  
Richard Seager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Scenario Development ◽  
Livelihood Strategy ◽  
Spatiotemporal Scales ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Security Crises

Abstract Conflict, drought, and locusts have been leading concerns for African food security in recent years, but the relative importance and spatiotemporal scales of crises resulting from each hazard is poorly characterized. Here we use continuous, subnational data from Sub-Saharan Africa to characterize how food crises differ according to livelihood strategy in response to each hazard. We find that when exposed to drought, pastoralists experienced more widespread, severe, and long-lasting food crises compared to those in agricultural zones. From 2009-2013 drought was the primary trigger of food security crises in all non-riverine zones; after 2013 conflict-related food security crises become prevalent. The few confirmed famines coincided with both conflict and drought. Locusts had little effect on food security during this time. These results provide multidimensional empirical evidence of how hazards affect food security in different livelihood zones, which provides an opportunity to improve scenario development in food security early warning forecasts.

Economic Intimidation in Contemporary Elections: Evidence from Romania and Bulgaria

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 486-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabela Mares ◽  
Aurelian Muntean ◽  
Tsveta Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Survey Methodology ◽  
European Countries ◽  
New Democracies ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
East European ◽  
Electoral Mobilization

This article examines electoral intimidation of voters at their workplace in contemporary new democracies. What is the relative importance of workplace intimidation in the broader portfolio of clientelistic strategies used by politicians at times of elections? What explains the subnational variation in the incidence of this electoral strategy? We answer these questions using empirical evidence from two East European countries – Romania and Bulgaria. We assess the prevalence of non-programmatic electoral mobilization in these countries by using list experiments, a survey methodology that elicits unbiased and truthful responses to sensitive political questions. We find that in both countries, workplace intimidation is an important component in the repertoire of non-programmatic mobilization used at election times. Workplace intimidation is especially pervasive in localities dominated by a small number of large employers. The importance of economic intimidation in the portfolio of clientelistic strategies declines as the economic heterogeneity of the locality increases.

scholarly journals The relative importance of type of education and subject area: empirical evidence for educational decisions

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curdin Pfister ◽  
Simone N. Tuor Sartore ◽  
Uschi Backes-Gellner
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Academic Education ◽  
Educational Decisions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Academic Tracks ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
Human Resources Strategies

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical evidence for individual educational investment decisions and to investigate the relative importance of two factors, the type of education (vocational vs academic) and subject area (e.g. commercial or health), in determining variance in earnings. Design/methodology/approach Using a sample of 1,200 individuals based on the 2011 Swiss Adult Education Survey, Mincer-type earnings equations are estimated. The variance in earnings is decomposed with respect to the two factors mentioned above, which allows to quantify the relative contributions of type of education and subject area to variance in earnings. Findings The results of the variance decomposition show that subject area explains nearly twice the variance in earnings compared with that explained by type of education. Social implications As results show that earnings variance – and thereby risk – relate more to subject area than to type of education, this study suggests that for individuals caring about the risk of their educational decision the selection of a specific subject area is more relevant than the choice between vocational and academic tracks; in addition, educational policies as part of HRM policies should devote as much attention to the choice of subject areas as to vocational or academic education. This is especially important for companies or countries planning to introduce or to extend vocational education as part of their human resources strategies. Originality/value This study is the first to show whether earnings vary more by type of education or by subject area.

Challenges to the social motivation theory of autism: The dangers of counteracting an imprecise theory with even more imprecision

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Uljarević ◽  
Giacomo Vivanti ◽  
Susan R. Leekam ◽  
Antonio Y. Hardan
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
The Social

Abstract The arguments offered by Jaswal & Akhtar to counter the social motivation theory (SMT) do not appear to be directly related to the SMT tenets and predictions, seem to not be empirically testable, and are inconsistent with empirical evidence. To evaluate the merits and shortcomings of the SMT and identify scientifically testable alternatives, advances are needed on the conceptualization and operationalization of social motivation across diagnostic boundaries.

Integrating perspectives: How the development of second-personal competence lays the foundation for a second-personal morality

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Corbit ◽  
Chris Moore
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Personal Competence ◽  
Triadic Interactions ◽  
Personal Morality ◽  
Integrative Process

Abstract The integration of first-, second-, and third-personal information within joint intentional collaboration provides the foundation for broad-based second-personal morality. We offer two additions to this framework: a description of the developmental process through which second-personal competence emerges from early triadic interactions, and empirical evidence that collaboration with a concrete goal may provide an essential focal point for this integrative process.

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