ABSTRACTCertain bacterial species target the polysaccharide glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of animal extracellular matrices for colonization and/or infection. GAGs such as hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate consist of repeating disaccharide units of uronate and amino sugar residues, and are depolymerized to unsaturated disaccharides by bacterial extracellular or cell-surface polysaccharide lyase. The disaccharides are degraded and metabolized by cytoplasmic enzymes such as unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase, isomerase, and reductase. The genes encoding these enzymes are assembled to form a GAG genetic cluster. Here, we demonstrate theStreptococcus agalactiaephosphotransferase system (PTS) for import of unsaturated hyaluronan disaccharide.S. agalactiaeNEM316 was found to depolymerize and assimilate hyaluronan, whereas its mutant with a disruption in PTS genes included in the GAG cluster was unable to grow on hyaluronan, while retaining the ability to depolymerize hyaluronan. Using toluene-treated wild-type cells, the PTS import activity of unsaturated hyaluronan disaccharide was significantly higher than that observed in the absence of the substrate. In contrast, the PTS mutant was unable to import unsaturated hyaluronan disaccharide, indicating that the corresponding PTS is the only importer of fragmented hyaluronan, which is suitable for PTS to phosphorylate the substrate at the C-6 position. The three-dimensional structure of streptococcal EIIA, one of the PTS components, was found to contain a Rossman-fold motif by X-ray crystallization. Docking of EIIA with another component EIIB by modeling provided structural insights into the phosphate transfer mechanism. This study is the first to identify the substrate (unsaturated hyaluronan disaccharide) recognized and imported by the streptococcal PTS.IMPORTANCE (118/120 words)The PTS identified in this work imports sulfate group-free unsaturated hyaluronan disaccharide as a result of the phosphorylation of the substrate at the C-6 position.S. agalactiaecan be indigenous to animal hyaluronan-rich tissues owing to the bacterial molecular system for fragmentation, import, degradation, and metabolism of hyaluronan. Distinct from hyaluronan, most GAGs, which are sulfated at the C-6 position, are unsuitable for PTS due to its inability to phosphorylate the substrate. More recently, we have identified a solute-binding protein-dependent ABC transporter in a pathogenicStreptobacillus moniliformisas an importer of sulfated and non-sulfated fragmented GAGs without any substrate modification. Our findings regarding PTS and ABC transporter shed light on bacterial clever colonization/infection system targeting various animal GAGs.
Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Vascular Lumen Formation in Three-Dimensional Extracellular Matrices
