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2022 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
pp. 104316
Author(s):  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Yuedong Guo ◽  
Changchun Song ◽  
Yanyu Song ◽  
Xianwei Wang ◽  
...  

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiying Ma ◽  
Yujuan Niu

Highly pathogenic fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is the causative agent of hydropericardium syndrome (HPS), which is characterized by pericardial effusion and hepatitis, and is one of the foremost causes of economic losses to the poultry industry over the last 30 years. However, the metabolic changes in cells in response to FAdV-4 infection remain unclear. In order to understand the metabolic interactions between the host cell and virus, we utilized ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry to analyze the metabolic profiles with hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (LMH) infected with FAdV-4. The results showed that FAdV-4 could restore metabolic networks in LMH cells and tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, and metabolism of purines, pyrimidines, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar moieties. Moreover, FAdV-4 production was significantly reduced in LMH cells cultured in glucose or glutamine-deficient medium. These observations highlighted the importance of host cell metabolism in virus replication. Therefore, similarities and disparities in FAdV-4-regulation of the metabolism of host cells could help improve targeted drug and reduce infection.


2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 773
Author(s):  
Kaikai Wang ◽  
Xiaolu Wang ◽  
Huiying Luo ◽  
Yaru Wang ◽  
Yuan Wang ◽  
...  

N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is an amino sugar that has been widely used in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. Recently, microbial production of GlcNAc has been developed. One major challenge for efficient biosynthesis of GlcNAc is to achieve appropriate carbon flux distribution between growth and production. Here, a synergistic substrate co-utilization strategy was used to address this challenge. Specifically, glycerol was utilized to support cell growth and generate glutamine and acetyl-CoA, which are amino and acetyl donors, respectively, for GlcNAc biosynthesis, while glucose was retained for GlcNAc production. Thanks to deletion of the 6-phosphofructokinase (PfkA and PfkB) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (ZWF) genes, the main glucose catabolism pathways of Escherichia coli were blocked. The resultant mutant showed a severe defect in glucose consumption. Then, the GlcNAc production module containing glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlmS*), glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNA1*) and GlcNAc-6-phosphate phosphatase (YqaB) expression cassettes was introduced into the mutant, to drive the carbon flux from glucose to GlcNAc. Furthermore, co-utilization of glucose and glycerol was achieved by overexpression of glycerol kinase (GlpK) gene. Using the optimized fermentation medium, the final strain produced GlcNAc with a high stoichiometric yield of 0.64 mol/mol glucose. This study offers a promising strategy to address the challenge of distributing carbon flux in GlcNAc production.


2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoya Qin ◽  
Yue Yin ◽  
Jianhua Zhao ◽  
Wei An ◽  
Yunfang Fan ◽  
...  

Abstract Background High soil salinity often adversely affects plant physiology and agricultural productivity of almost all crops worldwide, such as the crude drug known as wolfberry. However, the mechanism of this action in wolfberry is not fully understood yet. Results Here in this study, we studied different mechanisms potentially in Chinese wolfberry (Lycium chinese, LC) and black wolfberry (L. ruthenicum, LR) under salinity stress, by analyzing their transcriptome, metabolome, and hormone changes. The hormone detection analysis revealed that the ABA content was significantly lower in LR than LC under normal condition, and increased sharply under salinity stress in LR but not in LC. The transcriptome analysis showed that the salinity-responsive genes in wolfberry were mainly enriched in MAPK signaling, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, carbon metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways in LC, while mainly related to carbon metabolism and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum in LR. Metabolome results indicated that LR harbored higher flavone and flavonoid contents than LC under normal condition. However, the flavone and flavonoid contents were hardly changed in LR, but increased substantially in LC when exposed to salinity stress. Conclusions Our results adds ABA and flavone to mechanism understanding of salinity tolerance in wolfberry. In addition, flavone plays a positive role in resistance to salinity stress in wolfberry.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1023
Author(s):  
Xingchen Song ◽  
Qijun Zhao ◽  
Aiai Zhou ◽  
Xiaodong Wen ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
...  

The natural product citral has previously been demonstrated to possess antifungal activity against Magnaporthe oryzae. The purpose of this study was to screen and annotate genes that were differentially expressed (DEGs) in M. oryzae after treatment with citral using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Thereafter, samples were reprepared for quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis verification of RNA-seq data. The results showed that 649 DEGs in M. oryzae were significantly affected after treatment with citral (100 μg/mL) for 24 h. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and a gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolic pathways, including the chitin synthesis pathway and UDP sugar synthesis pathway. The results of the RT-qPCR analysis also showed that the chitin present in M. oryzae might be degraded to chitosan, chitobiose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and β-D-fructose-6-phosphate following treatment with citral. Chitin degradation was indicated by damaged cell-wall integrity. Moreover, the UDP glucose synthesis pathway was involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, providing precursors for the synthesis of polysaccharides. Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, which is involved in the regulation of UDP-α-D-galactose and α-D-galactose-1-phosphate, was downregulated. This would result in the inhibition of UDP glucose (UDP-Glc) synthesis, a reduction in cell-wall glucan content, and the destruction of cell-wall integrity.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Spaner

In the past decade, aberrant O-GlcNAcylation has emerged as a new hallmark of cancer. O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification that results when the amino-sugar β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is made in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and covalently attached to serine and threonine residues in intracellular proteins by the glycosyltransferase O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). O-GlcNAc moieties reflect the metabolic state of a cell and are removed by O-GlcNAcase (OGA). O-GlcNAcylation affects signaling pathways and protein expression by cross-talk with kinases and proteasomes and changes gene expression by altering protein interactions, localization, and complex formation. The HBP and O-GlcNAcylation are also recognized to mediate survival of cells in harsh conditions. Consequently, O-GlcNAcylation can affect many of the cellular processes that are relevant for cancer and is generally thought to promote tumor growth, disease progression, and immune escape. However, recent studies suggest a more nuanced view with O-GlcNAcylation acting as a tumor promoter or suppressor depending on the stage of disease or the genetic abnormalities, proliferative status, and state of the p53 axis in the cancer cell. Clinically relevant HBP and OGA inhibitors are already available and OGT inhibitors are in development to modulate O-GlcNAcylation as a potentially novel cancer treatment. Here recent studies that implicate O-GlcNAcylation in oncogenic properties of blood cancers are reviewed, focusing on chronic lymphocytic leukemia and effects on signal transduction and stress resistance in the cancer microenvironment. Therapeutic strategies for targeting the HBP and O-GlcNAcylation are also discussed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xicheng Wang ◽  
Lichun Yan ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Yaming Qian ◽  
Zhuangwei Wang ◽  
...  

Waterlogging severely affects global agricultural production. Clarifying the regulatory mechanism of grapevine in response to waterlogging stress will help to improve the waterlogging tolerance of grapevine. In the present study, the physiological and proteomic responses of SO4 grapevine rootstock to different waterlogging tolerances were comparatively assayed. The results showed that the activities of SOD and POD first increased and then decreased, while the change trend of CAT and APX activities was the opposite. In addition, the MDA and H2O2 contents increased after waterlogging treatment, but the chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents decreased. A total of 5,578 grapevine proteins were identified by the use of the tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling technique. Among them, 214 (103 and 111 whose expression was upregulated and downregulated, respectively), 314 (129 and 185 whose expression was upregulated and downregulated, respectively), and 529 (248 and 281 whose expression was upregulated and downregulated, respectively) differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in T0d vs. T10d, T10d vs. T20d, and T0d vs. T20d comparison groups, respectively. Enrichment analysis showed that these DEPs were mainly involved in glutathione metabolism, carbon fixation, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, starch, and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, protein processing and ribosomes. To further verify the proteomic data, the expression of corresponding genes that encode eight DEPs was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results of this study presented an important step toward understanding the resistance mechanisms of grapevine in response to waterlogging stress at the proteome level.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2192
Author(s):  
Sabine Leroy ◽  
Isabelle Lebert ◽  
Carine Andant ◽  
Pierre Micheau ◽  
Régine Talon

Staphylococcus xylosus forms biofilm embedded in an extracellular polymeric matrix. As extracellular DNA (eDNA) resulting from cell lysis has been found in several staphylococcal biofilms, we investigated S. xylosus biofilm in vitro by a microscopic approach and identified the mechanisms involved in cell lysis by a transcriptomic approach. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analyses of the biofilms, together with DNA staining and DNase treatment, revealed that eDNA constituted an important component of the matrix. This eDNA resulted from cell lysis by two mechanisms, overexpression of phage-related genes and of cidABC encoding a holin protein that is an effector of murein hydrolase activity. This lysis might furnish nutrients for the remaining cells as highlighted by genes overexpressed in nucleotide salvage, in amino sugar catabolism and in inorganic ion transports. Several genes involved in DNA/RNA repair and genes encoding proteases and chaperones involved in protein turnover were up-regulated. Furthermore, S. xylosus perceived osmotic and oxidative stresses and responded by up-regulating genes involved in osmoprotectant synthesis and in detoxification. This study provides new insight into the physiology of S. xylosus in biofilm.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongsheng Ji ◽  
Yingshun Zhou ◽  
Luhua Zhang ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Feiyang Zhang ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Choline binding proteins (CBPs) are a family of proteins that can interact with pneumococcal cell wall by choline binding domains (CBDs). In this study, we found a modified choline binding repeat (ChBp-I) with a pI of 7.66 can promote the development of biofilm in vitro. Thus, we aim to characterize the function of CBDs of LytA, LytC and CbpD in biofilm formation.Results: By transcriptome analysis, 81 genes were identified as down regulated and 138 genes were up regulated (|log2 fold change|≥1.5) under ChBp-I of 50mg/L. The up regulated genes are well clustered in membrane transport (carbohydrate, lipid, protein, cation and phosphate) and carbohydrate metabolism (fructose, mannose, galactose, starch, sucrose, amino sugar and nucleotide) related pathways. The up-regulated genes are mostly regulated the same under CBD-A, CBD-C and CBD-D. Phenotype analysis reveal high concentrations of CBD-C and CBD-D (>100μg/mL) but not CBD-A (negative charged) can promote the biofilm formation. Meanwhile, the existence of CBD-C and CBD-D promote the growth rate and both CBDs inhibit the autolysis of pneumococcal cell. By component analysis, these three CBDs were proved involved in the regulation of extracellular DNA, protein, cation and phosphate, and promote the forming of insoluble precipitates.Conclusions: The binding of CBPs can influence the membrane transport pathways and react with extracellular DNA and protein to promote biofilm formation in S. pneumoniae.


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