Abstract. Reliable modeling of carbon and water fluxes is essential for understanding the terrestrial carbon and water cycles and informing policy strategies aimed at constraining carbon emissions and improving water use efficiency. We used an assimilation framework (LPJ-Vegetation and soil moisture Joint Assimilation, or LPJ-VSJA) to improve gross primary production (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) estimates globally. The terrestrial biosphere model that we used is the integrated model – LPJ-PM coupled from the Lund-Potsdam-Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (LPJ-DGVM) and a hydrology module (i.e., the updated Priestley–Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory model, PT-JPLSM). Satellite-based soil moisture products derived from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) and leaf area index (LAI) from the global Land and Ground satellite (GLASS) product were assimilated into LPJ-PM to improve GPP and ET simulations using a Proper Orthogonal Decomposition-based ensemble four-dimensional variational assimilation method (PODEn4DVar). The joint assimilation framework LPJ-VSJA achieved the best model performance (with an R2 of 0.91 and 0.81 and an RMSD reduced by 50.4 % and 38.4 % for GPP and ET, respectively, compared with those of LPJ-DGVM at the monthly scale). The assimilated GPP and ET demonstrated a better performance in the arid and semiarid regions (GPP: R2 = 0.73, ubRMSD = 1.05 g C m−2 d−1; ET: R2 = 0.73, ubRMSD = 0.61 mm d−1) than in the humid and sub-dry humid regions (GPP: R2 = 0.61, ubRMSD = 1.23 g C m−2 d−1; ET: R2 = 0.66; ubRMSD = 0.67 mm d−1). The ET simulated by LPJ-PM that assimilated SMAP or SMOS had a slight difference, and the ET that assimilated SMAP soil moisture data was more improved than that assimilated SMOS data. Our global simulation modeled by LPJ-VSJA was compared with several global GPP and ET products (e.g., GLASS GPP, GOSIF GPP, GLDAS ET, GLEAM ET) using the triple collocation (TC) method. Our products, especially ET, exhibited advantages in the overall error distribution (estimated error (μ): 3.4 mm month−1; estimated standard deviation of μ: 1.91 mm month−1). Our research showed that the assimilation of multiple datasets could reduce model uncertainties, while the model performance differed across regions and plant functional types. Our assimilation framework (LPJ-VSJA) can improve the model simulation performance of daily GPP and ET globally, especially in water-limited regions.
Terrestrial biosphere model performance for inter-annual variability of land-atmosphere CO2 exchange
