SUMMARYSilage made from a whole crop of barley was offered to sheep without neutralization or after partial neutralization to pH 5·4 to 5·5 with sodium bicarbonate or ammonia. In a further treatment the un-neutralized silage was supplemented with blood meal administered each day as a drench. Total organic-matter intake and nitrogen retention were significantly higher for the sheep receiving the blood meal supplement than for any of the other treatments, which did not differ significantly one from another. It is suggested that the intake of the un-supplemented silage was limited by a low uptake of amino acids from the intestine.
SUMMARYThe free-acid content of grass silages was reduced by the addition of sodium bicarbonate to the silage and increased by additions of lactic acid. In each of four comparisons the addition of sodium bicarbonate to increase pH from about 4·0 to about 5·4 resulted in significant increases in intake of dry matter which ranged from 9·7 to 20·7%. Intake of organic matter was consistently increased by this partial neutralization treatment, but the increases were not significant in all experiments. The addition of sodium as sodium chloride rather than sodium bicarbonate did not alter the intake of a highly acid silage. Addition of lactic acid to reduce the pH of a silage feed from 5·4 to 3·8 resulted in a decrease in dry-matter intake of 22%. The correlation between dry-matter intake and the silage characteristics: titratable acidity, total organic-acid content, lactic-acid content and pH were all significant.It is concluded that the acids produced during the normal silage fermentation can limit the intake of the silage and it is suggested that chemical treatments to preserve wet grass without the presence or formation of large quantities of acids be investigated.
The experiment was carried out to provide information on the effect of drying and partial neutralization of direct cut grass silages on voluntary intake by sheep. It was designed as a 4 x 4 latin square comparison of four dietary treatments with four castrated Finnish Landrace rams. The DM content of the dried silage was 81.6 %. There were two levels of neutralization in the experiment: either 8 or 16 g of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) was mixed with the silages. The lower level of neutralization raised the silage pH from 3.95 to 4.36 and the higher level took it up to 5.57. Both the drying of silage and the addition of 16 g of NaHC03 produced a significant (P
This research studies the effect of penetrant, formic acid, sodium bicarbonate and steaming time on the rubbing fastness and K/S value of printed leather. The results show that the optimum concentration of sodium bicarbonate is 10 g/L in the first step of the leather pre-treatment. The optimum concentration of penetrant is 20g/L and the PH of pretreatment solution is 3 in the second step of the pre-treatment. The wet and dry rubbing fastness reaches grade 3 and 4-5. The pattern on the printed leather is clear and fine.
The chemical effects following the carbon photoneutron reaction in calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate have been studied. After solution of the irradiated crystals, C11 was found to be present in the forms of carbonate, carbon monoxide, formic acid, oxalic acid, glyoxylic acid, and glycollic acid. The relative amounts of C11 appearing in each form agreed closely with those found previously for irradiations of solid sodium carbonate.
The basal body and its associated rootlet are the organelles responsible for anchoring the flagellum or cilium in the cytoplasm. Structurally, the common denominators of the basal apparatus are the basal body, a basal foot from which microtubules or microfilaments emanate, and a striated rootlet. A study of the basal apparatus from cells of the epidermis of a sponge larva was initiated to provide a comparison with similar data on adult sponges.Sexually mature colonies of Aplysillasp were collected from Keehi Lagoon Marina, Honolulu, Hawaii. Larvae were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 0.14 M NaCl in 0.2 M Millonig’s phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Specimens were postfixed in 1% OsO4 in 1.25% sodium bicarbonate (pH 7.2) and embedded in epoxy resin. The larva ofAplysilla sp was previously described (as Dendrilla cactus) based on live observations and SEM by Woollacott and Hadfield.
The effect of drying and partial neutralization of grass silage on voluntary intake by sheep