The effects of partial neutralization with sodium bicarbonate or ammonia and the feeding of blood meal on the voluntary intake of a whole-crop barley silage by sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Wllkins
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Organic Matter ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Partial Neutralization ◽  
Barley Silage

SUMMARYSilage made from a whole crop of barley was offered to sheep without neutralization or after partial neutralization to pH 5·4 to 5·5 with sodium bicarbonate or ammonia. In a further treatment the un-neutralized silage was supplemented with blood meal administered each day as a drench. Total organic-matter intake and nitrogen retention were significantly higher for the sheep receiving the blood meal supplement than for any of the other treatments, which did not differ significantly one from another. It is suggested that the intake of the un-supplemented silage was limited by a low uptake of amino acids from the intestine.

scholarly journals The voluntary intake and digestibility, in sheep, of chopped and pelleted Digitaria decumbens (pangola grass) following a late application of fertilizer nitrogen

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Minson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Food Digestibility ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Chopped Grass

1. Experiments were conducted with wether sheep in 1964 and 1965 fed pelleted or chopped mature Digitaria decubemes Stent (pangola grass) bay containing different crude protein contents. The voluntary intake of food, digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen, nitrogen retention and apparent time of retention of feed organic matter in the reticulo-rumen were measured. The different crude protein contents of the grass were obtained by applications of urea to the sward 14 and 28 days before cutting for hay in 1964 and 1965 respectively. This treatment increased the crude protein content of the dry matter from 4.9% to 8.7% in 1964 and from 3.7% to 7.2% in 1965. The size of the particles of the ground hay before pelleting is given.2. The mean voluntary intake of chopped fertilized grass was 10% and 54% greater than that of the unfertilized; the voluntary intake of pellets made from fertilized grass was 35% and 75% greater than of those made from the unfertilized grass in 1964 and 1965 respectively.3. The voluntary intake of pellets of unfertilized grass was 7% and 14% greater than that 30% greater than that of chopped fertilized grass in 1964 and 1965 respectively.4. The digestibility of the pellets was less than that of the chopped grass.5. The apparent digestibility of the feed nitrogen was increased by the fertilizer nitrogen, but grinding and pelleting had no consistent effect. Sheep eating chopped or pelleted fertilized hay were in positive nitrogen balance.6. The apparent retention time of organic matter in the reticulo-rumen was longer when the sheep were eating chopped hay than when they were eating pellets. In 1964 the apparent retention time of organic matter in the reticulo-rumen was shorter for chopped and pelleted unfertilized grass than for chopped and pelleted fertilized grass, but in 1965 the order was reversed.7. The relationship between voluntary intake, apparent retention time of organic matter in the rumen and the protein content of the food is discussed.

The influence of package size and density on the intake of dried grass wafers fed to lambs

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Tetlow ◽  
R. J. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Package Size ◽  
Unit Density ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SUMMARYWafers made from dried ryegrass were fed to castrated male lambs in two experiments of 40 and 30 days' duration. In the first experiment, wafers of chopped feed were prepared which varied in unit density from 0·7 g/ml to 1·0 g/ml. In the second experiment, coarsely ground forage was passed through a ram press with a die of 5 cm diameter and the extruded material was then split into quarter and half wafers or left unsplit as whole wafers. Voluntary intake was measured throughout each experiment.For the wafers with density of 1·0 g/ml the daily intake of organic matter was 75 g/kg LW0·75 as compared with 64 g/kg LW0·75 for the wafers with density of 0·7 g/ml but this difference was not significant. There was a significant (P < 0·05) interaction between wafer density and sub-period of the experiment. The daily intake of low-density wafers, expressed in g/kg LW0·75, increased throughout the experiment, whereas that of the higher density wafers did not change.There was no overall effect of package size on organic matter intake, but the interaction between package size and sub-period of the experiment was significant (P · 0·001). The intake of the whole wafers was initially lower than that for the other treatments, but increased throughout the experiment, whereas the intake of the quarter and half wafers remained steady.

67. The Nutritive Value of Proteins for Milk Production. II. A Comparison of the Proteins of Blood Meal, Pea Meal, Decorticated Earth-Nut Cake, and a Mixture of Decorticated Earth-Nut Cake and Flaked Maize

1933 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Morris ◽  
Norman C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Food Protein

The results of the present experiments and of those reported in the previous paper(1) may be summarised as follows:1. When minimal quantities of protein are fed in the production rations of milking cows, a deficiency of either lysine or tryptophane will lead to a marked reduction in milk yield. There is, however, some evidence of the storage of reserve N, which can be utilised when the food protein is inadequate.2. The feeding of a lysine- or tryptophane-deficient ration causes a marked increase in urinary N, indicating a poor utilisation of food protein. On the other hand, the feeding of a ration containing adequate quantities of these essential amino acids reduces the urinary N, indicating efficient protein utilisation.3. The utilisation of body tissue in an attempt to maintain normal milk production on a deficient protein ration is shown by the high creatine excretion. The fact that the S: N ratio of the excess sulphur and nitrogen excreted during the deficient protein periods approximates that of body tissue (circa 1: 15·7) confirms this conclusion.

THE ADDITION OF BUFFERS TO RUMINANT RATIONS: III. THE EFFECT OF ADDITIONS OF SODIUM BICARBONATE, SODIUM PROPIONATE, LIMESTONE AND COD LIVER OIL ON APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION OF AN ALL-CONCENTRATE RATION

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
D. W. Friend ◽  
H. M. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Cod Liver Oil ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Design Experiments

Rumen-fistulated yearling steers were used in two 4 × 4 latin square design experiments to determine the digestibility and nitrogen retention of all-concentrate rations with various supplements. The inclusion of 5.7 per cent sodium bicarbonate in either a ground- or dry-rolled-grain ration resulted in an increase in urine excretion. Digestibility of organic matter and nitrogen or nitrogen retention were not affected. The addition of 60 milliliters of cod liver oil (1200 I.U. vitamin A, 150 I.U. vitamin D per gram) per day to the bicarbonate supplemented, ground-grain ration tended to decrease organic matter digestibility while the addition of 3.6 per cent sodium propionate tended to increase organic matter digestibility. Differences between these rations and the bicarbonate ration were not statistically significant; however, the percentage of nitrogen retained on the cod liver oil supplemented ration was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than on the propionate supplemented ration.The inclusion of 5.7 per cent ground limestone significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the digestibility of dry matter, and nitrogen, but the digestibility of organic matter was not significantly lower at this probability level.

Amino Acid Profile and Aromatic Amino Acid Concentration in Total Parenteral Nutrition: Effect on Growth, Protein Metabolism and Aromatic Amino Acid Metabolism in the Neonatal Piglet

1994 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda J. Wykes ◽  
James D. House ◽  
Ronald O. Ball ◽  
Paul B. Pencharz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Total Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Constant Infusion

1. The protein and amino acid utilization of two commercially available amino acid solutions, one egg-patterned (Vamin), the other human-milk-patterned (Vaminolact), were studied in piglets receiving total parenteral nutrition. It was hypothesized that Vaminolact was deficient in total aromatic amino acids, so a third group received a human-milk-patterned amino acid solution with added phenylalanine. 2. The piglets were on total parenteral nutrition for 8 days from day 2 or 3 of life. They all received a total energy intake of 1040 kJ day−1 kg−1 with macro-nutrient intakes of 14.6g of amino acid, 27.4 g of glucose and 9.4 g of fat day−1 kg−1. 3. Nitrogen balances were performed on days 3-8 of total parenteral nutrition. On day 8 a primed constant infusion of (1-14C]-phenylalanine was given to measure phenylalanine flux and fractional conversion to tyrosine. Transamination catabolites of phenylalanine and tyrosine were measured in urine on day 7. 4. The piglets receiving Vaminolact gained significantly less weight (0.86 kg compared with 1.18 kg for Vamin and 1.20 kg for phenylalanine-supplemented Vaminolact; P < 0.02) and nitrogen (1435 mg day−1 kg−1 compared with 1601 mg and 1836 mg day−1 kg−1 for the other groups; P < 0.0001). 5. The piglets receiving Vamin had high plasma phenylalanine levels (2234 μmol/l compared with 156 μmol/l for Vaminolact and 399 μmol for phenylalanine-supplemented Vaminolact; P < 0.0001). Those receiving Vamin also had an elevated excretion of phenylalanine transamination metabolites and low plasma lysine levels. Phenylalanine flux was highest in the Vamin group, intermediate in the phenylalanine-supplemented Vaminolact group and lowest in the Vaminolact group. 6. We conclude that Vaminolact is limiting in aromatic amino acids and that the addition of phenylalanine to the level in Vamin significantly improves growth and nitrogen retention; however, increasing the phenylalanine content of total parenteral nutrition is not the most metabolically suitable way to provide aromatic amino acids in neonatal total parenteral nutrition.

The influence of formic acid and formaldehyde additives and type of harvesting machine on the utilization of nitrogen in lucerne silages: 1. The voluntary intake and nitrogen rerention of young sheep consuming the silages with and without intraperitoneal supplements of DL-methionine

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 701-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Barry ◽  
J. E. Cook ◽  
R. J. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Carbohydrate Fermentation ◽  
Methionine Supplementation ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SummarySilages were made from lucerne using either a flail or a precision-chop harvester without additive, with 8 1 formaldehyde (35% w/w/)/t or with 1·5, 3·0 or 6·01 formic acid (85% w/w)/t. The silages were deep frozen and later offered to young sheep with and without intraperitoneal injections of DL-methionine. Fresh lucerne, cut with both machines from the same crop, was deep frozen and offered to sheep with and without methionine injections in a separate experiment.The untreated silages were characterized by extensive protein degradation, high contents of ammonia and acetic acid and low contents of lactic acid. Formaldehyde markedly reduced protein degradation and carbohydrate fermentation in the silo and caused a large reduction in nitrogen digestibility; these effects were of greater magnitude with precision-chopped than with flail-harvested silage. Voluntary intake and nitrogen retention were increased by formaldehyde application.Increased rate of addition of formic acid reduced the overall extent of carbohydrate fermentation, decreased the proportion of fermentation products Which could be attributed to clostridial activity, and decreased protein degradation, though not by the same extent as did formaldehyde. With the precision-chop harvester, formic acid addition increased both voluntary intake and nitrogen retention. Intakes were low on the three flail-harvested silages made with formic acid, as these were heavily contaminated with soil. However, the additive improved nitrogen utilization and within this group of treatments intake increased with increasing rate of formic acid application. The increases in nitrogen retention with additive treatment resulted from increases in the quantity of nitrogen truly retained per unit of nitrogen intake as well as from increases in intake.Methionine supplementation had no effect on voluntary intake, but caused a small and consistent improvement in nitrogen utilization except with the soil-contaminated silages. There was no effect of methionine supplementation on utilization of nitrogen in the fresh lucerne.Voluntary intake, apparent biological value and nitrogen retention all decreased linearly with increasing protein degradation and formation of acetic acid and ammonia. Separate regression equations were calculated for the prediction of organic-matter intake for silages made with the two types of harvester. These were parallel, but with intakes from the precision-chopped silages higher by ca. 20 g D.M./kg W0·75 per day. Precision chopping produced a similar advantage with the fresh lucerne. Data from silages made by the two harvesting methods fitted the same regressions for nitrogen retention, which decreased by 0·3 g/day for each 1% increase in ammonia-N (% total N). It was deduced that to produce silage with high nutritive value it is particularly important that the degradation of amino acids by proteolytic clostridia is prevented; restriction of the degradation in the silo of true protein to amino acids is apparently less important.

Differentiation of the effects of protein status and acid-base balance on the appetite of sheep for lucerne silage

1992 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Phillip ◽  
M. V. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Bicarbonate ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Protein Status ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SUMMARYFive cross-bred Suffolk lambs (liveweight 24–29 kg) were fed lucerne silage and made acidotic or offered supplemental protein with the objective of determining the effects of acidosis and amino acid undersupply on food intake from silage. In this study, at McGill University, Quebec, Canada in January 1989, lucerne silage (25% DM) was supplemented with equimolar amounts (450 mmol/kg DM) of ammonium chloride, ammonium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate; fishmeal was added at 100 g/kg silage DM. The lambs were fedad libitumaccording to a 5 × 5 Latin square with 21-day periods.Digestibility of organic matter (OM) from silage ranged from 78 to 82% and was not significantly affected by diet (P> 0·05). Voluntary intake of digestible organic matter (DOM) from silage was. Fishmeal supplementation of lucerne silage improved nitrogen retention (P> 0·05) but not intake of DOM. The addition of ammonium chloride to silage reduced blood concentration (p< 0·05) and urinary output of HCO3, increased ammonia excretion in urine (P< 0·05), and depressed intake of DOM (P< 0·05). Ammonium bicarbonate also reduced voluntary intake of DOM (P< 0·05) but had no significant effect (P> 0·05) on the acid-base status of the lambs. Sodium bicarbonate depressed food intake but had no significant effect on measures of acid-base balance.The results suggest that metabolic acidosis is not an underlying mechanism restricting food intake by sheep and that neither acid-base imbalance nor inadequate protein status is likely to explain the limitation in food intake from ensiled lucerne.

scholarly journals The effect of drying and partial neutralization of grass silage on voluntary intake by sheep

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-194
Author(s):  
Riitta Sormunen-Cristian
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Partial Neutralization ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The experiment was carried out to provide information on the effect of drying and partial neutralization of direct cut grass silages on voluntary intake by sheep. It was designed as a 4 x 4 latin square comparison of four dietary treatments with four castrated Finnish Landrace rams. The DM content of the dried silage was 81.6 %. There were two levels of neutralization in the experiment: either 8 or 16 g of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) was mixed with the silages. The lower level of neutralization raised the silage pH from 3.95 to 4.36 and the higher level took it up to 5.57. Both the drying of silage and the addition of 16 g of NaHC03 produced a significant (P

Digestibility and voluntary intake by sheep of five Digitaria species

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (127) ◽  
pp. 494 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Minson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Data are reported on the voluntary intake and digestibility by sheep of five species of Digitaria when grown as swards, cut at five different stages of growth and analysed for neutraldetergent solubles, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, N, S, Na, K, P, Ca, Mg, Si, Cu, Mn, and Zn. Digitaria setivalva was superior to the other four species in in vivo digestibility of the dry matter, organic matter and energy (5.2 percentage units), content of metabolizable energy (5.3%), voluntary intake of dry matter (8 0%) and voluntary intake of metabolizable energy (18.1 %). This superiority was associated with a higher content of digestible neutral-detergent solubles and cellulose. The metabolizable energy contents of the grasses were significantly correlated with dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility, content of digestible dry matter and concentrations of crude protein, neutral-detergent fibre, acid-detergent fibre, lignin and combinations of these different fractions.

scholarly journals On the relationship between C and N fixation and amino acid synthesis in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma Molero ◽  
Guillaume Tcherkez ◽  
Jose Luis Araus ◽  
Salvador Nogués ◽  
Iker Aranjuelo
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Total Organic Matter ◽  
C And N ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
N Remobilisation

Legumes such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) are vital N2-fixing crops accounting for a global N2 fixation of ~35 Mt N year–1. Although enzymatic and molecular mechanisms of nodule N2 fixation are now well documented, some uncertainty remains as to whether N2 fixation is strictly coupled with photosynthetic carbon fixation. That is, the metabolic origin and redistribution of carbon skeletons used to incorporate nitrogen are still relatively undefined. Here, we conducted isotopic labelling with both 15N2 and 13C-depleted CO2 on alfalfa plants grown under controlled conditions and took advantage of isotope ratio mass spectrometry to investigate the relationship between carbon and nitrogen turn-over in respired CO2, total organic matter and amino acids. Our results indicate that CO2 evolved by respiration had an isotopic composition similar to that in organic matter regardless of the organ considered, suggesting that the turn-over of respiratory pools strictly followed photosynthetic input. However, carbon turn-over was nearly three times greater than N turn-over in total organic matter, suggesting that new organic material synthesised was less N-rich than pre-existing organic material (due to progressive nitrogen elemental dilution) or that N remobilisation occurred to sustain growth. This pattern was not consistent with the total commitment into free amino acids where the input of new C and N appeared to be stoichiometric. The labelling pattern in Asn was complex, with contrasted C and N commitments in different organs, suggesting that neosynthesis and redistribution of new Asn molecules required metabolic remobilisation. We conclude that the production of new organic material during alfalfa growth depends on both C and N remobilisation in different organs. At the plant level, this remobilisation is complicated by allocation and metabolism in the different organs.

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