Clonal diversity of a lizard malaria parasite, Plasmodium mexicanum, in its vertebrate host, the western fence lizard: role of variation in transmission intensity over time and space

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (13) ◽  
pp. 2712-2720 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. VARDO ◽  
J. J. SCHALL
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Clonal Diversity ◽  
Transmission Intensity ◽  
Vertebrate Host ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium ◽  
Western Fence Lizard ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Sialic Acids as Receptors for Pathogens

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 831
Author(s):  
Patrycja Burzyńska ◽  
Łukasz F. Sobala ◽  
Krzysztof Mikołajczyk ◽  
Marlena Jodłowska ◽  
Ewa Jaśkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Sialic Acids ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Disease Vectors ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Infection Biology ◽  
Species Specific

Carbohydrates have long been known to mediate intracellular interactions, whether within one organism or between different organisms. Sialic acids (Sias) are carbohydrates that usually occupy the terminal positions in longer carbohydrate chains, which makes them common recognition targets mediating these interactions. In this review, we summarize the knowledge about animal disease-causing agents such as viruses, bacteria and protozoa (including the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum) in which Sias play a role in infection biology. While Sias may promote binding of, e.g., influenza viruses and SV40, they act as decoys for betacoronaviruses. The presence of two common forms of Sias, Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc, is species-specific, and in humans, the enzyme converting Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc (CMAH, CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase) is lost, most likely due to adaptation to pathogen regimes; we discuss the research about the influence of malaria on this trait. In addition, we present data suggesting the CMAH gene was probably present in the ancestor of animals, shedding light on its glycobiology. We predict that a better understanding of the role of Sias in disease vectors would lead to more effective clinical interventions.

Clonal diversity within infections and the virulence of a malaria parasite,Plasmodium mexicanum

Parasitology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 135 (12) ◽  
pp. 1363-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Vardo-ZALIK ◽  
J. J. Schall
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Blood Clotting ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Clonal Diversity ◽  
Sceloporus Occidentalis ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium ◽  
Blood Haemoglobin ◽  
The Cost

SUMMARYBoth verbal and mathematical models of parasite virulence predict that genetic diversity of microparasite infections will influence the level of costs suffered by the host. We tested this idea by manipulating the number of co-existing clones ofPlasmodium mexicanumin its natural vertebrate host, the fence lizardSceloporus occidentalis. We established replicate infections ofP.mexicanummade up of 1, 2, 3, or >3 clones (scored using 3 microsatellite loci) to observe the influence of clone number on several measures of parasite virulence. Clonal diversity did not affect body growth or production of immature erythrocytes. Blood haemoglobin concentration was highest for the most genetically complex infections (equal to that of non-infected lizards), and blood glucose levels and rate of blood clotting was highest for the most diverse infections (with greater glucose and more rapid clotting than non-infected animals). Neither specific clones nor parasitaemia were associated with virulence. In this first experiment that manipulated the clonal diversity of a naturalPlasmodium-host system, the cost of infection with 1 or 2 clones ofP.mexicanumwas similar to that previously reported for infected lizards, but the most complex infections had either no cost or could be beneficial for the host.

Commons Governance, Normative Pluralism and the Enduring Role of Custom

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-37
Author(s):  
Christopher Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Normative Pluralism ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Legal Pluralist

The governance of common land in England and Wales is shaped by a mixture of customary and legal norms that can shift and change. Notwithstanding the introduction of legislation for the registration of common land and common rights, custom retains an important role in the governance of common land. This chapter situates custom alongside the other normative rules used to structure the governance of common land. It considers reforms introduced by the Commons Act 2006, including provision for the formation of self-regulating commons councils. It concludes that a legal pluralist analysis that focuses on the functionality of differing customary and legal norms, but which is also sensitive to the sources from which rules derive normativity, is essential if we are to position custom in the hierarchy of norms relevant to the governance of common land, to understand their respective roles and how these can change over time and space, and to appraise their effectiveness.

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