Prevalence of a Malarial Parasite Over Time and Space: Plasmodium mexicanum in its Vertebrate Host, the Western Fence Lizard Sceloporus occidentalis

SUMMARYPlasmodium mexicanum is a common malarial parasite of the western fence lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis, in northern California, USA. Infected female lizards store substantially less fat during the summer activity season and produce smaller clutches of eggs than do non-infected animals. Stored fat is utilized in the production of eggs; the energy content of the decrement in stored fat is approximately equal to the energy content of the average reduction in number of eggs. Thus, there is ongoing strong selective pressure on the host to evolve appropriate anti-parasite measures.

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창업의 장기 고용효과: 시군구 자료 분석 (The Impact of New Firm Formation on Regional Employment Change by Industry Over Time and Space)

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3282937 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Sungchul Cho ◽

Kiho Kim

Keyword(s):

Employment Change ◽

Time And Space ◽

Firm Formation ◽

Regional Employment ◽

New Firm Formation ◽

New Firm ◽

The Impact ◽

Over Time

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Language Change and Movement as Seen by Historical Linguistics

10.1093/oso/9780190657543.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Derek Nurse

Keyword(s):

West Africa ◽

20Th Century ◽

Language Change ◽

Historical Linguistics ◽

Linguistic Features ◽

Time And Space ◽

Change Over Time ◽

Comparative Linguistics ◽

Language Boundaries ◽

Over Time

The focus of this chapter is on how languages move and change over time and space. The perceptions of historical linguists have been shaped by what they were observing. During the flowering of comparative linguistics, from the late 19th into the 20th century, the dominant view was that in earlier times when people moved, their languages moved with them, often over long distances, sometimes fast, and that language change was largely internal. That changed in the second half of the 20th century. We now recognize that in recent centuries and millennia, most movements of communities and individuals have been local and shorter. Constant contact between communities resulted in features flowing across language boundaries, especially in crowded and long-settled locations such as most of Central and West Africa. Although communities did mix and people did cross borders, it became clear that language and linguistic features could also move without communities moving.

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Revealing the spatial shifting pattern of COVID-19 pandemic in the United States

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87902-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Di Zhu ◽

Xinyue Ye ◽

Steven Manson

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Long Range ◽

Network Optimization ◽

Network Modeling ◽

The United States ◽

Standard Series ◽

Time And Space ◽

Long Range Interactions ◽

Dynamic Relationships ◽

Over Time

AbstractWe describe the use of network modeling to capture the shifting spatiotemporal nature of the COVID-19 pandemic. The most common approach to tracking COVID-19 cases over time and space is to examine a series of maps that provide snapshots of the pandemic. A series of snapshots can convey the spatial nature of cases but often rely on subjective interpretation to assess how the pandemic is shifting in severity through time and space. We present a novel application of network optimization to a standard series of snapshots to better reveal how the spatial centres of the pandemic shifted spatially over time in the mainland United States under a mix of interventions. We find a global spatial shifting pattern with stable pandemic centres and both local and long-range interactions. Metrics derived from the daily nature of spatial shifts are introduced to help evaluate the pandemic situation at regional scales. We also highlight the value of reviewing pandemics through local spatial shifts to uncover dynamic relationships among and within regions, such as spillover and concentration among states. This new way of examining the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of network-based spatial shifts offers new story lines in understanding how the pandemic spread in geography.

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