Phytophthora cryptogea causing ink disease of Castanea sativa newly reported in Greece

Ink disease is one of the most destructive diseases in Castanea sativa. The most common symptoms are root necrosies and a reduction in root growth, which invariably lead to the death of the trees. Phytophthora cinnamomi is an oomycete associated with this disease whose life cycle develops integrally in the soil. In the present work, was a fragment with 1231bp of the glucan endo-1,3-β-D-glucosidase gene obtained by amplification, using conserved primers and the full-length gene sequence by flanking this known sequence by asymmetric PCR. This fragment was obtained from genomic DNA of Phytophthora cinnamomi isolated in the European Regions of Castilla-Leon (Spain) and Trás-os-Montes (Portugal) and associated with the ink disease of Castanea sativa Mill.

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Efficacy of biofungicides Supresivit and Polyversum against Phytophthora root pathogens on European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)

Horticultural Science ◽

10.17221/3802-hortsci ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 31 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 109-114

Author(s):

G. Juhásová ◽

S. Bernadovičová

Keyword(s):

Trichoderma Harzianum ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Soil Fungi ◽

Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽

Castanea Sativa ◽

Pythium Oligandrum ◽

European Chestnut ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Castanea Sativa Mill ◽

Ink Disease

The effect of two commercially produced biopreparations on the originators of chestnut ink disease in Slovakia – soil fungi Phytophthora cambivora and Phytophthora cinnamomi was tested in laboratory conditions. Investigations of interrelations between Trichoderma harzianum (Pythium oligandrum) and isolates of Phytophthora sp. obtained from infected tissues of Castanea sativa Mill. proved more important inhibitive effects for Pythium oligandrum (biopreparation Polyversum) efficiency 25.3% (Ph. cambivora) and 26.2% (Ph. cinnamomi). Biopreparation Supresivit (Trichoderma harzianum) reached the efficiency 9.1% for Ph. cambivora isolates and 9.2% for Ph. cinnamomi isolates. Significant effect of the used bioformulas for inhibition of mycelial growth of both Phytophthora sp. and significant difference in the efficacy of two different bioformulas were confirmed statistically.  

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First Report of Phytophthora pseudosyringae Associated with Ink Disease of Castanea sativa in Italy

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-94-8-1068b ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (8) ◽

pp. 1068-1068 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

B. Scanu ◽

B. T. Linaldeddu ◽

A. Franceschini

Keyword(s):

Plant Protection ◽

Castanea Sativa ◽

Pond Water ◽

Culture Collection ◽

Selective Medium ◽

Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽

First Report ◽

Representative Sequence ◽

Agar Plug ◽

Ink Disease

Since December 2008, a severe outbreak of ink disease has been observed in a chestnut grove in the Sardinia Region in Italy (40°01′N, 9°13′E, 1,200 m above sea level). Trees have shown symptoms such as microphylly and yellowish foliage as well as necrosis on the main roots and collar. Isolations were made from infected roots and soil using green apples as baits. Small pulp pieces were cut from the lesions that developed in the apples and plated on Phytophthora selective medium (1). In addition to Phytophthora cambivora, another Phytophthora sp. was detected from 60% of 25 symptomatic trees sampled. Colonies subcultured onto carrot agar (CA) were generally appressed and stellate. Growth occurred from 2 to 26°C with an optimum at 20°C (mean radial growth rate of 4.5 mm/day). Sporangia were produced abundantly in unsterile pond water; they were semipapillate, rarely bipapillate, limoniform or ovoid, occasionally caducous with short pedicels (<5 μm), and 35.2 to 58.1 (46.3) × 22.1 to 35.3 (31.9) μm, with a length/breadth ratio of 1.5:1. Catenulate hyphal swellings were frequently present, whereas no chlamydospores were observed. Isolates produced numerous homothallic oogonia with diameters from 23.7 to 31.7 (27.3) μm. Antheridia were predominantly paragynous. Cultural and morphological features were in close agreement with those described for P. pseudosyringae (2). Identity was confirmed by analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of rDNA. BLAST searches at GenBank showed 100% identity with reference sequences of P. pseudosyringae (Accession Nos. AY230190 and EU074793). The representative sequence of one P. pseudosyringae strain (CST2A), stored in the culture collection of the Department of Plant Protection-University of Sassari, was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. GU460375). Koch's postulates were fulfilled by inoculating 10 5-month-old chestnut seedlings grown in pots. One shallow cut was made into the bark on the main stem and an agar plug colonized by P. pseudosyringae was inserted beneath the flap. Seedlings were kept at the laboratory at temperatures varying from 16 to 22°C and watered as necessary. After 20 days, extensive, sunken, necrotic lesions measuring 27.2 ± 1.9 mm (mean + standard error) developed around the inoculation sites. Control plants inoculated with sterile CA plugs did not show any disease symptoms. The pathogen was consistently reisolated from infected tissues. P. pseudosyringae has recently been reported as the causal agent of stem necroses on chestnut seedlings in a nursery in Spain (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. pseudosyringae on Castanea sativa in Italy. References: (1) C. M. Brasier and S. A. Kirk. Plant Pathol. 50:218, 2001. (2) T. Jung et al. Mycol. Res. 107:772, 2003. (3) C. Pintos Varela et al. Plant Dis. 91:1517, 2007.

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Recovery and pathogenicity of Phytophthora species associated with a resurgence of ink disease in Castanea sativa in Italy

Plant Pathology ◽

10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00528.x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 90-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

A. M. Vettraino ◽

G. Natili ◽

N. Anselmi ◽

A. Vannini

Keyword(s):

Castanea Sativa ◽

Phytophthora Species ◽

Ink Disease

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SELECTION OF CASTANEA SATIVA MILL. GENOTYPES RESISTANT TO INK DISEASE IN GALICIA (SPAIN)

Acta Horticulturae ◽

10.17660/actahortic.2005.693.87 ◽

2005 ◽

pp. 645-652 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. Rodriguez ◽

B. Cuenca ◽

C.A. López ◽

F.J. Lario ◽

L. Ocaña

Keyword(s):

Castanea Sativa ◽

Castanea Sativa Mill ◽

Ink Disease ◽

Selection Of

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Loss of Aggressiveness of Phytophthora cinnamomi (Beta-Cinnamomin Silenced Strain) in the Infection of Castanea sativa

Microscopy and Microanalysis ◽

10.1017/s1431927612012743 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 18 (S5) ◽

pp. 17-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

I. Maia ◽

M. Horta ◽

A. Cravador ◽

C. Medeira

Keyword(s):

Environmental Conditions ◽

Plant Material ◽

Native Species ◽

Forest Decline ◽

Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽

Castanea Sativa ◽

Forest Species ◽

Living Root ◽

Root Tissues ◽

Ink Disease

Several forest species are severely affected by Phytophthora cinnamomi. The contribution of this oomycete to forest decline and dieback has been broadly reported. In particular, it is consensual that it is the causal agent of ink disease in Castanea sativa. It has been associated with the severe decline of Quercus species, namely the Q. suber and Q. ilex dieback in Portugal and Spain, and has been responsible for the infection of numerous native species and crops. This pathogen persists in the soil or on plant material in the form of chlamydospores allowing the infection of living root tissues when environmental conditions are favorable.

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Phytophthora cambivora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria ◽

10.1079/dfb/20056400112 ◽

1966 ◽

Author(s):

G. M. Waterhouse

Keyword(s):

Geographical Distribution ◽

Root Rot ◽

Juglans Regia ◽

Lupinus Albus ◽

Castanea Sativa ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

Rubus Idaeus ◽

High Soil Moisture ◽

Ulmus Campestris ◽

Ink Disease

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora cambivora. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Acer platanoides, Andromeda floribunda, Castanea sativa, Casuarina equisetifolia, Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, Erica sp., Fagus sylvatica, Rubus idaeus and Senecio cruentus (cineraria). Also pathogenic on inoculation to Cajanus cajan, Juglans regia, Lupinus albus, Nothofagus sp., Pisum sativum, Quercus sp. and Ulmus campestris. Crandall (1950) in his revised host list expressed the opinion that P. cambivora was only to be found on Castanea spp. associated with 'ink' disease and that all other records of this pathogen should be referred to P. cinnamomi. This does not, however, appear to be the case though there have been many misdeterminations in the past. DISEASES: Associated with P. cinnamomi in a root rot of chestnut ('ink' disease) and with P. syringae causing a root rot of beech. Also causes basal canker of Norway maple. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Mauritius), Asia (India), Australasia & Oceania (New Zealand); Europe (Azores, France, Great Britain, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Yugoslavia); North America (Canada, United States). (CMI Map 70, ed. 2, 1961.) TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, persisting in soil for several years after host has disappeared (Grente & Solignet, 1952). High soil moisture, unfavourable growth conditions such as drought and injuries all contribute to increasing the susceptibility of the host to infection (34: 495; 31: 39, 406).

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