scholarly journals Dietary restriction mitigates cocaine-induced alterations of olfactory bulb cellular plasticity and gene expression, and behavior

2010 ◽  
pp. no-no
Author(s):  
Xiangru Xu ◽  
Mohamed R. Mughal ◽  
F. Scott Hall ◽  
Maria T. G. Perona ◽  
Paul J. Pistell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Cellular Plasticity ◽  
And Behavior

scholarly journals Evolutionary Patterns of Sex-Biased Genes in Three Species of Haplodiploid Insects

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Yu-Jun Wang ◽  
Hua-Ling Wang ◽  
Xiao-Wei Wang ◽  
Shu-Sheng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Slow Rate ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Coding Sequences ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Differential Gene ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Behavior

Females and males often differ obviously in morphology and behavior, and the differences between sexes are the result of natural selection and/or sexual selection. To a great extent, the differences between the two sexes are the result of differential gene expression. In haplodiploid insects, this phenomenon is obvious, since males develop from unfertilized zygotes and females develop from fertilized zygotes. Whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci species complex are typical haplodiploid insects, and some species of this complex are important pests of many crops worldwide. Here, we report the transcriptome profiles of males and females in three species of this whitefly complex. Between-species comparisons revealed that non-sex-biased genes display higher variation than male-biased or female-biased genes. Sex-biased genes evolve at a slow rate in protein coding sequences and gene expression and have a pattern of evolution that differs from those of social haplodiploid insects and diploid animals. Genes with high evolutionary rates are more related to non-sex-biased traits—such as nutrition, immune system, and detoxification—than to sex-biased traits, indicating that the evolution of protein coding sequences and gene expression has been mainly driven by non-sex-biased traits.

scholarly journals Effects of the domestic thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) variant on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and behavior in chicken

Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Fallahshahroudi ◽  
Martin Johnsson ◽  
Enrico Sorato ◽  
S J Kumari A Ubhayasekera ◽  
Jonas Bergquist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Hormone Receptor ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Red Junglefowl ◽  
Pituitary Thyroid Axis ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Abstract Domestic chickens are less fearful, have a faster sexual development, grow bigger, and lay more eggs than their primary ancestor, the red junglefowl. Several candidate genetic variants selected during domestication have been identified, but only a few studies have directly linked them with distinct phenotypic traits. Notably, a variant of the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene has been under strong positive selection over the past millennium, but it’s function and mechanisms of action are still largely unresolved. We therefore assessed the abundance of the domestic TSHR variant and possible genomic selection signatures in an extensive data set comprising multiple commercial and village chicken populations as well as wild-living extant members of the genus Gallus. Furthermore, by mean of extensive backcrossing we introgressed the wild-type TSHR variant from red junglefowl into domestic White Leghorn chickens and investigated gene expression, hormone levels, cold adaptation, and behavior in chickens possessing either the wild-type or domestic TSHR variant. While the domestic TSHR was the most common variant in all studied domestic populations and in one of two red junglefowl population, it was not detected in the other Gallus species. Functionally, the individuals with the domestic TSHR variant had a lower expression of the TSHR in the hypothalamus and marginally higher in the thyroid gland than wild-type TSHR individuals. Expression of TSHB and DIO2, two regulators of sexual maturity and reproduction in birds, was higher in the pituitary gland of the domestic-variant chickens. Furthermore, the domestic variant was associated with higher activity in the open field test. Our findings confirm that the spread of the domestic TSHR variant is limited to domesticated chickens, and to a lesser extent, their wild counterpart, the red junglefowl. Furthermore, we showed that effects of genetic variability in TSHR mirror key differences in gene expression and behavior previously described between the red junglefowl and domestic chicken.

scholarly journals Diet-Induced Obesity Disrupts Trace Element Homeostasis and Gene Expression in the Olfactory Bulb

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3909
Author(s):  
Melissa S. Totten ◽  
Derek M. Pierce ◽  
Keith M. Erikson
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Alpha Synuclein ◽  
Divalent Metal Transporter 1 ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Mrna Gene ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mrna Gene Expression ◽  
Obese Male

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of diet-induced obesity (DIO) on trace element homeostasis and gene expression in the olfactory bulb and to identify potential interaction effects between diet, sex, and strain. Our study is based on evidence that obesity and olfactory bulb impairments are linked to neurodegenerative processes. Briefly, C57BL/6J (B6J) and DBA/2J (D2J) male and female mice were fed either a low-fat diet or a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. Brain tissue was then evaluated for iron, manganese, copper, and zinc concentrations and mRNA gene expression. There was a statistically significant diet-by-sex interaction for iron and a three-way interaction between diet, sex, and strain for zinc in the olfactory bulb. Obese male B6J mice had a striking 75% increase in iron and a 50% increase in manganese compared with the control. There was an increase in zinc due to DIO in B6J males and D2J females, but a decrease in zinc in B6J females and D2J males. Obese male D2J mice had significantly upregulated mRNA gene expression for divalent metal transporter 1, alpha-synuclein, amyloid precursor protein, dopamine receptor D2, and tyrosine hydroxylase. B6J females with DIO had significantly upregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. Our results demonstrate that DIO has the potential to disrupt trace element homeostasis and mRNA gene expression in the olfactory bulb, with effects that depend on sex and genetics. We found that DIO led to alterations in iron and manganese predominantly in male B6J mice, and gene expression dysregulation mainly in male D2J mice. These results have important implications for health outcomes related to obesity with possible connections to neurodegenerative disease.

Aberrant Brain Activity in Individuals With Psychopathy Links to Receptor Distribution, Gene Expression, and Behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juergen Dukart ◽  
Ross D. Markello ◽  
Adrian Raine ◽  
Simon B. Eickhoff ◽  
Timm B. Poeppl
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Receptor Distribution

The Biology of Experience

2019 ◽  
pp. 72-97
Author(s):  
Riane Eisler
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Negative Behaviors ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Fight Or Flight

Biology and experience are not generally seen as connected, yet experience is integral to gene expression, both individually and collectively. Dramatically illustrating how experience can influence whether genetic capacities are expressed or inhibited in humans and other species, this chapter looks at studies showing that our brain circuits, and therefore our abilities and behavior, are strongly shaped by the environment, which for humans is primarily our surrounding culture as mediated by families, education, religion, politics, and economics. Our large-brained species is flexible: we are equipped for destructiveness and creativity, rote conformity and independence, and cruelty and caring. There are many examples of how cultural environments affect the expression of genetic potentials, including fascinating findings from the emerging field of epigenetics showing that these effects can be transmitted from generation to generation; research showing that the brains of people with a background of abuse and violence tend to have lower levels of serotonin, a calming neurotransmitter, and higher levels of cortisol, the major stress hormone; and studies on how chronic or intense stress brings into play hormones such as cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine associated with fight-or-flight responses, including aggressive and other negative behaviors. While highly stressful traditions of domination and violence are still deeply entrenched in many cultures worldwide, there are interventions that can help us build a more secure, just, sustainable, and peaceful world for individuals, families, and communities.

scholarly journals Acute social isolation alters neurogenomic state in songbird forebrain

2019 ◽  
Vol 117 (38) ◽  
pp. 23311-23316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. George ◽  
Zachary W. Bell ◽  
Daniel Condliffe ◽  
Kirstin Dohrer ◽  
Teresa Abaurrea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Axonal Guidance ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Auditory Forebrain ◽  
Gene Sets ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Prolonged social isolation has negative effects on brain and behavior in humans and other social organisms, but neural mechanisms leading to these effects are not understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that even brief periods of social isolation can alter gene expression and DNA methylation in higher cognitive centers of the brain, focusing on the auditory/associative forebrain of the highly social zebra finch. Using RNA sequencing, we first identified genes that individually increase or decrease expression after isolation and observed general repression of gene sets annotated for neurotrophin pathways and axonal guidance functions. We then pursued 4 genes of large effect size: EGR1 and BDNF (decreased by isolation) and FKBP5 and UTS2B (increased). By in situ hybridization, each gene responded in different cell subsets, arguing against a single cellular mechanism. To test whether effects were specific to the social component of the isolation experience, we compared gene expression in birds isolated either alone or with a single familiar partner. Partner inclusion ameliorated the effect of solo isolation on EGR1 and BDNF, but not on FKBP5 and UTS2B nor on circulating corticosterone. By bisulfite sequencing analysis of auditory forebrain DNA, isolation caused changes in methylation of a subset of differentially expressed genes, including BDNF. Thus, social isolation has rapid consequences on gene activity in a higher integrative center of the brain, triggering epigenetic mechanisms that may influence processing of ongoing experience.

scholarly journals Genome Architecture Facilitates Phenotypic Plasticity in the Honeybee (Apis mellifera)

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 1964-1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J Duncan ◽  
Megan P Leask ◽  
Peter K Dearden
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Linear Sequence ◽  
Honeybee Worker ◽  
Environmental Trigger ◽  
Plastic Changes ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Honeybee Genome

Abstract Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of an organism to alter its phenotype in response to an environmental cue, facilitates rapid adaptation to changing environments. Plastic changes in morphology and behavior are underpinned by widespread gene expression changes. However, it is unknown if, or how, genomes are structured to ensure these robust responses. Here, we use repression of honeybee worker ovaries as a model of plasticity. We show that the honeybee genome is structured with respect to plasticity; genes that respond to an environmental trigger are colocated in the honeybee genome in a series of gene clusters, many of which have been assembled in the last 80 My during the evolution of the Apidae. These clusters are marked by histone modifications that prefigure the gene expression changes that occur as the ovary activates, suggesting that these genomic regions are poised to respond plastically. That the linear sequence of the honeybee genome is organized to coordinate widespread gene expression changes in response to environmental influences and that the chromatin organization in these regions is prefigured to respond to these influences is perhaps unexpected and has implications for other examples of plasticity in physiology, evolution, and human disease.

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