The Influence of the Stroop Interference Effect on an Event-based Prospective Memory Task in Alzheimer's Disease Patients

Prospective memory involves remembering to perform an action when there is a delay between forming the intention to act and the point at which the action can be carried out. The distinction between time- and event-based prospective memory, the typical laboratory paradigm, and the concept of cost as a measure of the extent to which attention is allocated to the prospective memory task at the expense of other activities are described. Two theories of prospective memory are compared. Also noted is that prospective memory involves retrospective memory processes, for remembering what the intended action is and remembering when the action is to be performed, and a prospective component for remembering that something is to be done. The new concept of metaintentions or metaintentional processes is introduced along with a new framework for organizing existing research and motivating future research. The literature is reviewed within the structure of this new framework.

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Detection of prospective memory deficits in mild cognitive impairment of suspected Alzheimer’s disease etiology using a novel event-based prospective memory task

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society ◽

10.1017/s1355617708090127 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 154-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

ALBERTO BLANCO-CAMPAL ◽

ROBERT F. COEN ◽

BRIAN A. LAWLOR ◽

JOSEPH B. WALSH ◽

TERESA E. BURKE

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽

Prospective Memory ◽

Small Sample ◽

Cutoff Score ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Disease Etiology ◽

Event Based

AbstractWe investigated the relative discriminatory efficacy of an event-based prospective memory (PM) task, in which specificity of the instructions and perceptual salience of the PM cue were manipulated, compared with two widely used retrospective memory (RM) tests (Rivermead Paragraph Recall Test and CERAD-Word List Test), when detecting mild cognitive impairment of suspected Alzheimer’s disease etiology (MCI-AD) (N = 19) from normal controls (NC) (N = 21). Statistical analyses showed high discriminatory capacity of the PM task for detecting MCI-AD. The Non-Specific-Non-Salient condition proved particularly useful in detecting MCI-AD, possibly reflecting the difficulty of the task, requiring more strategic attentional resources to monitor for the PM cue. With a cutoff score of <4/10, the Non-Specific-Non-Salient condition achieved a sensitivity = 84%, and a specificity = 95%, superior to the most discriminative RM test used (CERAD-Total Learning: sensitivity = 83%; specificity = 76%). Results suggest that PM is an early sign of memory failure in MCI-AD and may be a more pronounced deficit than retrospective failure, probably reflecting the greater self-initiated retrieval demands involved in the PM task used. Limitations include the relatively small sample size, and the use of a convenience sample (i.e. memory clinic attenders and healthy active volunteers), reducing the generalizability of the results, which should be regarded as preliminary. (JINS, 2009, 15, 154–159.)

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Does Delay Affect Prospective Memory Performance?

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027//1016-9040.5.3.228 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 228-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Giovanna Nigro ◽

Pier Carla Cicogna

Keyword(s):

Prospective Memory ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Memory Task ◽

Experimental Session ◽

Prospective Memory Task ◽

Two Phase ◽

Prospective Remembering ◽

Intention Formation ◽

Event Based ◽

Prospective Memory Performance

The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which the retention interval between intention formation and the execution of the action affects the occurrence of remembering and its accuracy. 126 subjects (48 men and 78 women) between 18 and 24 years participated in a two-phase experiment. An event-based prospective memory task was assigned at the end of the first experimental session, which required reporting a message to the second experimenter at the beginning of the second experimental session. The length of the interval of time between the formation of the intention and its execution varied (10 minutes, 2 days, 2 weeks). Participants were randomly assigned to the three conditions (42 each). A post-experimental interview was carried out in order to find out the strategies that subjects employed to retrieve the message and the importance they attributed to the task. Results indicate that the delay affected neither the occurrence of remembering nor its accuracy, and that the importance attributed to the planned action improved the likelihood of prospective remembering. Furthermore, results seem to indicate that external reminders do not improve prospective memory. Further implications of the finding were discussed.

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Limiting Attentional Resource Influences Performance and Output Monitoring of an Event-Based Prospective Memory Task

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e537052012-755 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Eriko Sugimori ◽

Takashi Kusumi

Keyword(s):

Prospective Memory ◽

Memory Task ◽

Attentional Resource ◽

Prospective Memory Task ◽

Output Monitoring ◽

Event Based

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The utility of a non-verbal prospective memory measure as a sensitive marker for early-stage Alzheimer's disease in Hong Kong

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610214002038 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 231-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

C. S. Tse ◽

J. F. Chang ◽

Ada W. T. Fung ◽

Linda C. W. Lam ◽

K. T. Hau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Older Adults ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Hong Kong ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Prospective Memory ◽

Early Stage ◽

Memory Task ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Time Accuracy

ABSTRACTBackground:With the proportion of older adults in Hong Kong projected to double in size in the next 30 years, it is important to develop measures for detecting individuals in the earliest stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD, 0.5 in Clinical Dementia Rating, CDR). We tested the utility of a non-verbal prospective memory task (PM, ability to remember what one has to do when a specific event occurs in the future) as an early marker for AD in Hong Kong Chinese.Methods:A large community dwelling sample of older adults who are healthy controls (CDR 0, N = 125), in the earliest stage of AD (CDR 0.5, N = 125), or with mild AD (CDR 1, N = 30) participated in this study. Their reaction time/accuracy data were analyzed by mixed-factor analyses of variance to compare the performance of the three CDR groups. Logistic regression analyses were performed to test the discriminative power of these measures for CDR 0 versus 0.5 participants.Results:Prospective memory performance declined as a function of AD severity: CDR 0 > CDR 0.5 > CDR 1, suggesting the effects of early-stage AD and AD progression on PM. After partialling out the variance explained by psychometric measures (e.g., ADAS-Cog), reaction time/accuracy measures that reflected the PM still significantly discriminated between CDR 0 versus 0.5 participants in most of the cases.Conclusion:The effectiveness of PM measures in discriminating individuals in the earliest stage of AD from healthy older adults suggests that these measures should be further developed as tools for early-stage AD discrimination.

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Preliminary Remarks on Type of Task and Delay in Children's Prospective Memory

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.2002.95.2.515 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 95 (2) ◽

pp. 515-519 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Giovanna Nigro ◽

Vincenzo Paolo Senese ◽

Ornella Natullo ◽

Ida Sergi

Keyword(s):

Retention Interval ◽

Prospective Memory ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Memory Task ◽

Prospective Memory Task ◽

Target Time ◽

Task Time ◽

Event Based ◽

Principal Task ◽

Prospective Memory Performance

This study investigated the extent to which the type of task influences children's prospective memory performance. 80 subjects, aged 7 to 11 yr. participated in an experiment in which the type of task (time-based vs event-based) and the retention interval (5 min. vs 10 min.) varied. The prospective memory task was embedded in a principal task lasting about 15 min. and required subjects perform an action at a given time or in response to a specific cue. Analysis indicated that the delay was associated with prospective memory performance only on a time-based task in which the intention has to be performed after 10 min. but not age. Analysis indicated also that time monitoring was associated with shorter latency between the target time and the execution of the intention on the time-based task. Implications were discussed.

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