The Predictive Utility of Valuing the Future for Smoking Cessation: Findings from the ITC 4 Country Surveys

Background: Delay discounting (DD) and time perspective (TP) are conceptually related constructs that are theorized as important determinants of the pursuit of future outcomes over present inclinations. This study explores their predictive relationships for smoking cessation. Methods: 5006 daily smokers at a baseline wave provided 6710 paired observations of quitting activity between two waves. Data are from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) smoking and vaping surveys with samples from the USA, Canada, England, and Australia, across three waves conducted in 2016, 2018 and 2020. Smokers were assessed for TP and DD, plus smoking-specific predictors at one wave of cessation outcomes defined as either making a quit attempt and/or success among those who tried to quit which was ascertained at the subsequent survey wave. Results: TP and DD were essentially uncorrelated. TP predicted making quit attempts, both on its own and controlling for other potential predictors but was negatively associated with quit success. By contrast, DD was not related to making quit attempts, but high DD predicted relapse. The presence of financial stress at baseline resulted in some moderation of effects. Conclusions: Understanding the mechanisms of action of TP and DD can advance our understanding of, and ability to enhance, goal-directed behavioural change. TP appears to contribute to future intention formation, but not necessarily practical thought of how to achieve goals. DD is more likely an index of capacity to effectively generate competing future possibilities in response to immediate gratification.

Investigation of eSports Playing Intention Formation: The Moderating Impact of Gender

The purpose of this study was to examine the gender differences in the formation of esports gameplay intention. To this end, the determinants and esports gameplay intention were adopted from the Esports Consumption Model (ESC; Jang & Byon, 2020a). A total of 498 respondents (male = 54.2%; female = 45.8%) who were adults and had experienced esports gameplay responded to the online survey. We examined the measurement invariance to examine if the constructs were being measured equivalently across gender. Also, we tested for structural invariance to examine if causal relationships exist the same way across gender. Th e results indicated that gender differences exist in the paths between hedonic motivation, habit, social influence, and esports gameplay intention. The findings and implications were discussed theoretically and practically, and suggestions were made regarding future studies aimed at overcoming the limitations of the current study.

Moderating Effect of Trust on Customer Return Intention Formation in Peer-to-Peer Sharing Accommodation

The peer-to-peer sharing accommodation features a high level of asymmetric information and a series of uncertainties and risks. Therefore, trust plays a critical role in shaping consumer behavior. Previous studies have frequently emphasized the direct effect of trust during the prepurchasing stage while disregarding its role in shaping customer satisfaction/return intention at the postpurchasing stage. Based on the attribution theory, in this study, we model the formation of return intention by incorporating the moderating effects of trust. A sample of 500 peer-to-peer sharing accommodation participants in China was collected to test the extended model based on the moderated structural equation modeling. Furthermore, users of Airbnb and Chinese domestic platforms were compared. Results demonstrated the existence of the moderating role of trust for domestic platform users but not for Airbnb users.

The role of perceived vulnerability in restaurant customers’ co-creation behavior and repatronage intention during the COVID-19 pandemic

This study examines the antecedents of restaurant repatronage intention and the extent to which risk perception (i.e. perceived vulnerability) moderates the formation of that intention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Service fairness, trust, and co-creation behavior were investigated as the antecedents of restaurant diners’ repatronage intention formation process in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the data collected from people who had dined in a restaurant during the study period, a structural analysis was conducted with the Partial Least Squares method. The proposed model in the study explained a significant amount of the variance in the customers’ repatronage intention and partially supported the moderation effect of perceived vulnerability to COVID-19. The findings of the study contribute to advancing our knowledge of how the perceived vulnerability to COVID-19 leverages customers’ repatronage intention, which is affected by service fairness, trust, and co-creation behavior in the restaurant industry.

They forgot their “baby”?!: Factors that lead students to forget their cell phone

Prospective memory (PM) is critical for daily life, yet errors happen often, even when there are dire consequences. What factors make errors more or less likely to occur? While most researchers explicitly instruct subjects to perform abstract tasks with little personal relevance, we argue that PM in daily life often involves personally relevant intentions that are more “autonomically” encoded. When 192 students came to the lab to participate in an unrelated experiment, we took their cell phone and attached an activity tracker to their clothes. We examined how often students forgot to retrieve their cell phone (personally relevant task) compared to returning the tracker (experimenter relevant task) before leaving the lab, and whether it mattered if the instructions were explicitly or more autonomically encoded. Students only forgot the tracker 8-14% more often than their cell phone, and explicit instructions did not reduce forgetting; neither did longer retention intervals nor a mismatch between encoding-retrieval context. At retrieval, (60-70%) participants said the intention “popped into mind”. We discuss both the role of processes outside of awareness in PM intention formation and retrieval, and how this research helps to understand the “forgotten baby syndrome”.

Effects of Mental Imagery on Prospective Memory: A Process Analysis in Individuals with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Prospective memory (PM) is a multiphasic cognitive function important for autonomy and functional independence but is easily disrupted by pathological aging processes. Through cognitive simulation of perceptual experiences, mental imagery could be an effective compensatory strategy to enhance PM performance. Nevertheless, relevant research in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been limited, and the underlying mechanism of the therapeutic effect has not been sufficiently elucidated. The present study aimed to examine complex PM performances and the effect of mental imagery on each phase in older adults with MCI and to investigate the underlying cognitive mechanism from a process perspective. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Twenty-eight MCI and 32 normal aging controls completed a seminaturalistic PM task, in addition to a series of neuropsychological tests. Participants from each group were randomly assigned to a mental imagery condition or a standard repeated encoding condition before performing the PM task. Four indices were used to measure performance in the intention formation, intention retention, intention initiation, and intention execution phases of PM. Performances in each phase was compared between the 2 diagnostic groups and the 2 instruction conditions. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The MCI group performed worse than the normal aging group in the intention formation and intention retention phases. The participants in the mental imagery condition performed significantly better than those in the standard condition during the intention formation, intention retention, and intention execution phases, regardless of the diagnostic group. Moreover, there was a significant interaction between the group and condition during intention retention, showing that people with MCI benefited even more from mental imagery than normal aging in this phase. Performance in the intention retention phase predicted performance in the intention initiation and intention execution phases. <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> PM deficits in MCI mainly manifest during planning and retaining intentions. Mental imagery was able to promote performance in all but the initiation phase, although a trend for improvement was observed in this phase. The effects of mental imagery may be exerted in the intention retention phase by strengthening the PM cue-action bond, thereby facilitating the probability of intention initiation and bolstering fidelity to the original plan during intention execution.

Muslim Travelers’ Inconvenient Tourism Experience and Self-Rated Mental Health at a Non-Islamic Country: Exploring Gender and Age Differences

This research examined international Muslim travelers’ intention formation of a non-Islamic country. Our proposed theoretical framework encompassing inconvenient tourism experience, mental health, hedonic value experience, and satisfaction included a sufficient level of predictive power for intent. These variables played a vital role in increasing intention, whereas an inconvenient tourism experience decreases self-rated mental health and hedonic value. Our result also provided meaningful information that boosting Muslim travelers’ mental health, hedonic experience, and satisfaction is essential for minimizing the effect of the inconvenient tourism experience. In addition, gender and age have been shown to play a moderating role in affecting behavioral intention.

Hedonic and Utilitarian Performances as Determinants of Mental Health and Pro-Social Behaviors among Volunteer Tourists

International volunteer tourism is an emerging and sustainable trend of the global tourism industry. In this study, we attempted to provide a clear comprehension of volunteer tourists’ mental health increase and pro-social intention formation. A survey method and quantitative approach were used. Our result from the structural analysis showed that hedonic and utilitarian performances, mental health, and volunteer tourism engagement had significant associations and that these relationships contributed to improving pro-social intention. In addition, results from the metric invariance assessment revealed that the volunteer tourism engagement and pro-social intention relation was under the significant influence of problem awareness and ascribed responsibility. Mental health and engagement acted as significant mediators. The comparative importance of volunteer tourism engagement was uncovered. Overall, our results provided a sufficient understanding of volunteer tourists’ pro-social decision-making process and behaviors.

PERCEIVED BARRIERS TO ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF SELF-EFFICACY

Drawing from Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), the purpose of the study is to enhance understanding of the intention formation mechanism within the context of perceived barriers and self-efficacy (SE). The current study assesses whether SE mediates the relationship between perceived barriers and entrepreneurial intention (EI). The study specifically analyzed the relationship among perceived barriers, SE and EI. In addition, the direct and indirect effects of perceived barriers on intention are examined. Based on a survey of 471 undergraduate students who have taken management courses, our findings suggest the SE level of potential entrepreneurs is not sufficient to determine the intention formation even if the decisive effect of SE on EI is found. Therefore, in contrast to earlier studies, the results obtained from this study reveal the necessity to take into account the deterrent effect of the perceived barriers to evaluating the effect of SE in the formation of EI.