Rainfall Runoff Relationships for a Cloud Forest Watershed in Central America: Implications for Water Resource Engineering1

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1022-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. Caballero ◽  
Alon Rimmer ◽  
Zachary M. Easton ◽  
Tammo S. Steenhuis
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Forest Watershed

Leaf litter copepods from a cloud forest mountain top in Honduras (Copepoda: Cyclopidae, Canthocamptidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3630 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANK FIERS ◽  
MERLIJN JOCQUE
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
National Park ◽  
New World ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Distributional Range ◽  
Litter Sample ◽  
Forest Mountain

Five different species of Copepoda were extracted from a leaf litter sample collected on the top (at 2000 m a.s.l.) of a cloud forested mountain in El Cusuco National Park, Honduras. Three of them, one Cyclopidae and two Canthocamptidae are new to science, and are described herein. Olmeccyclops hondo sp. nov. is the second representative thus far known of this New World genus. Moraria catracha sp. nov. and Moraria cusuca sp. nov. are the first formally described members of the genus occurring in Central America. The concept of a “Moraria-group” is considered to be an artificial grouping and is limited here to the genera Moraria and Morariopsis only. The distributional range of this group is essentially Holarctic, with the mountainous regions inHonduras, and probably in westNicaragua, as the southernmost limits in theNew World.

scholarly journals Optimization of the Multi-Start Strategy of a Direct-Search Algorithm for the Calibration of Rainfall–Runoff Models for Water-Resource Assessment

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1876 ◽  
Author(s):  
García-Romero ◽  
Paredes-Arquiola ◽  
Solera ◽  
Belda ◽  
Andreu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resource ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Soil Moisture Accounting ◽  
Shuffled Complex Evolution ◽  
Efficient Performance ◽  
Direct Search Algorithm ◽  
Calibration Techniques ◽  
Water Resource Assessment

Calibration of conceptual rainfall–runoff models (CRRM) for water-resource assessment (WRA) is a complicated task that contributes to the reliability of results obtained from catchments. In recent decades, the application of automatic calibration techniques has been frequently used because of the increasing complexity of models and the considerable time savings gained at this phase. In this work, the traditional Rosenbrock (RNB) algorithm is combined with a random sampling method and the Latin hypercube (LH) to optimize a multi-start strategy and test the efficiency in the calibration of CRRMs. Three models (the French rural-engineering-with-four-daily-parameters (GR4J) model, the Swedish Hydrological Office Water-balance Department (HBV) model and the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC-SMA) model) are selected for WRA at nine headwaters in Spain in zones prone to long and severe droughts. To assess the results, the University of Arizona’s shuffled complex evolution (SCE-UA) algorithm was selected as a benchmark, because, until now, it has been one of the most robust techniques used to solve calibration problems with rainfall–runoff models. This comparison shows that the traditional algorithm can find optimal solutions at least as good as the SCE-UA algorithm. In fact, with the calibration of the SAC-SMA model, the results are significantly different: The RNB algorithm found better solutions than the SCE-UA for all basins. Finally, the combination created between the LH and RNB methods is detailed thoroughly, and a sensitivity analysis of its parameters is used to define the set of optimal values for its efficient performance.

scholarly journals Rainforest and cloud forest Scolytodes (Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Hexacolini) from the Arthropods of La Selva inventory in Costa Rica: new species, new synonymy, new records

ZooKeys ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 863 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Bjarte H. Jordal ◽  
Lawrence R. Kirkendall
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Central America ◽  
New Records ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
First Record ◽  
Related Genus ◽  
La Selva ◽  
Neotropical Forest ◽  
New Synonymy

Quantitative collecting efforts over the last several decades in Costa Rica have resulted in many new species of insects. The Arthropods of La Selva projects included collecting from a typical lowland Neotropical forest and up an altitudinal transect, and has provided many valuable samples of insects, spiders and mites potentially new to science. We describe 18 new species in the bark beetle genusScolytodesFerrari, 1867, 14 of which were collected during this project:S.angulusJordal & Kirkendall,sp. nov.,S.sufflatusJordal & Kirkendall,sp. nov.,S.squamatifronsJordal & Kirkendall,sp. nov.,S.comosusJordal & Kirkendall,sp. nov.,S.spatulatusJordal & Kirkendall,sp. nov.,S.seriatusJordal & Kirkendall,sp. nov.,S.profundusJordal & Kirkendall,sp. nov.,S.catinusJordal & Kirkendall,sp. nov.,S.fimbriatusJordal & Kirkendall,sp. nov.,S.sulcifronsJordal & Kirkendall,sp. nov.,S.planifronsJordal & Kirkendall,sp. nov.,S.porosusJordal & Kirkendall,sp. nov.,S.mundusJordal & Kirkendall,sp. nov.,S.callosusJordal & Kirkendall,sp. nov.,S.parvipilusJordal & Kirkendall,sp. nov.,S.plenusJordal & Kirkendall,sp. nov.,S.nigerJordal & Kirkendall,sp. nov., andS.simplexJordal & Kirkendall,sp. nov.One species,ScolytodesminutissimusSchedl, 1952, is redescribed to match the holotype. We give new Costa Rica records forS.costabilisWood, 1974, which is the correct name forS.obesusWood, 1975 (syn. nov.). We report Costa Rica as a new country record for six species:ScolytodesclusiacolensWood, 1967,S.crinalisWood, 1978,S.culcitatus(Blandford, 1897),S.libidusWood, 1978,S.reticulatus(Wood, 1961), andS.spadix(Blackman, 1943). From a closely related genus, we provide the first record for Central America (and only the second collection) ofPycnarthrumfulgidumWood, 1977.

scholarly journals Anfibios del bosque nuboso de El Silencio de Los Ángeles, San Ramón de Alajuela, Costa Rica

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (33) ◽  
pp. 190-204
Author(s):  
Brayan H. Morera-Chacón ◽  
Víctor J. Acosta-Chaves
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Central America ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Jaccard Index ◽  
Amphibian Conservation ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Single Linkage ◽  
Acoustic Surveys ◽  
Trail System

We present the list of amphibians for the El Silencio de Los Ángeles Cloud Forest (Villa Blanca Hotel and Reserve) in San Ramón de Alajuela, Costa Rica, Central America. We performed nocturnal visual and acoustic surveys in the trail system, mainly from 2013 to 2014. We also received data from the local guides up to 2019. We compared the similarity of amphibian richness of our site against other premontane reserves in Costa Rica with a cluster analysis (Jaccard index, single linkage). We recorded 26 species distributed in 16 genera, eight families and two orders. Notrotiton gamezi was the only threatened species detected. The El Silencio de los Ángeles Cloud Forest site is around 80 % similar to San Lorencito River Station and 55% to Nectandra Reserve. Containing 12% of the Costa Rica’s amphibian richness, this premontane woodland should be considered among the most important clouded forest in Central Costa Rica for amphibian conservation.

scholarly journals A Google Earth Database of Central American Volcanic Vents

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Central American ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Time Pattern ◽  
Volcanic Deposits

Satellite imagery in Google Earth reveals 807 volcanic vents for Central America. Most of these have already been recognized. In fact, previous catalogs include many volcanoes that are not obvious in Google Earth and they are not included here. Furthermore, 47 large but deeply eroded volcanoes are not included because they appear very old. On the other hand, many young vents may be obscured in areas of low quality imagery or in areas of dense cloud forest. High quality Google Earth coverage keeps expanding so this catalog can be improved with time. Lidar imagery would greatly improve vent detection. A significant problem with any list of volcanic features is determining the appropriate cutoff age. Topographic expression is the only available criterion for estimating age for most of the vents and this criterion is highly flawed because of differences in volcanic deposits, weathering, annual rainfall and other factors. Ideally, 40Ar/39Ar ages would be available for most of the volcanoes and the revealed space-time pattern of volcanic activity would allow improved hazard estimates as well as a deeper understanding of the causes and controls of volcanism. Instead, the database is a necessary step toward: a) recognizing important volcanological problems that can attract geochronological research funding and b) encouraging a long-term campaign for determining the temporal development of Central American volcanism. The database is intended as a draft to be used and improved, not a fixed list.

scholarly journals Four New Species of Dicranocentrus and Heteromurus from the State of Mérida, Venezuela (Collembola: Entomobryidae)

1969 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Mari Mutt
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Central America ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
First Record ◽  
The State ◽  
Congeneric Species ◽  
The West ◽  
The City ◽  
A New Species

The new species Dicranocentrus paramoense, D. bidentatus, Heteromurus (Heteromurtrella) echinatus and H. (H.) pruinosus are described from specimens collected in the State of Mérida, Venezuela. A new species of each genus comes from a cloud forest near the city of Mérida and a new species of each taxon was collected in paramos northeast of Mérida. Congeneric species are phyletically very near and their closest relatives live in Central America and the West Indies. Dicranocentrus bidentatus is the sole species of its genus with only two teeth (the basal pair) along the inner margin of the unguis. Heteromurus (Heteromurtrella) echinatus is unique among members of its subgenus in possessing dental spines, although some individuals lack these structures. This is the first record of such intraspecific variation. Four tables detail variations of a number of characters and 41 figures complement the text.

scholarly journals Diversidad florística del bosque mesófilo en el norte de Chiapas y su relación con México y Centroamérica

2017 ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neptalí Ramírez-Marcial
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Diverse Families ◽  
Montane Cloud Forest ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
Sierra De Manantlán ◽  
Northern Highlands

The distribution of woody genera in the montane cloud forest in the northern highlands of Chiapas was registered and compared with other 23 localities in Mexico and Central America. A total of 312 genera in 99 families were recorded. The most diverse families were Rubiaceae (19), Leguminosae (16), Ericaceae ( 15) and Compositae ( 14). Quercus, Clelhra, Cornus, Oreopanax, and Ceslrum were present in more than 95% of the si tes, while 32 genera ( 10%) alone were registe red once. Non-metric multidimentional scaling analysis showed the presence of six groups of localities according to their diversity values and geographical position. Sierra de Manantlán, El Triunfo, Cordillera of Talamanca, and Northern highlands of Chiapas were the most diverse localities. The greater proportion of the genera (41 %) have a meridional distribution (except pantropical), 15% holarctic, 4% american-african, 9% malayan-american, 3% austral-antarctic, 14% pantropical, 5% widely distribution and 9% of the genera are considered exclusive of Mexico and/or Central America.

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