The role of cognitive level and sibling illness in children's conceptualizations of illness.

Apasmara (epilepsy) is defined as the apagama (deterioration) of smriti (memory) associated with bibhasta cheshta (seizures) due to derangement of dhi and satwa, mainly related to vata and rajo dosha vitiation, which effects both Sharira (body) and Mana (mind). The present antiepileptic drugs control the seizure attack, but long-term use generates adverse effect at cognitive level and leads to behavioral disorders, hence there is need of safe and effective treatment which not only controls seizure attack but helps to cure the disease. A 44-year-old man approached Kayachikitsa OPD with the complaints of frequent seizure attacks, since from at the age of one and half year with regular oral antiepileptic drugs medications (allopathic), the dose of medications increasing yearly and he was not satisfied with treatment, so he was advised with Panchakarma treatment starting from Deepana, Pachana, Vamana (medicated emesis), Virechana (medicated purgation), Basti (medicated enema), Shirodhara along with palliative treatment. After each treatment it was observed that the patient was satisfied with treatment and the complaints of seizure attack reduced in frequency and duration with improved quality of life. Palliative treatment was advised to continue along with modern medications.

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The Role of Wait Time in Higher Cognitive Level Learning

Review of Educational Research ◽

10.3102/00346543057001069 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 69-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 134

Author(s):

Kenneth Tobin

Keyword(s):

Wait Time ◽

Cognitive Level

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Developmental divergence: motor trajectories in children with fragile X syndrome with and without co-occurring autism

Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽

10.1186/s11689-019-9281-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Elizabeth A. Will ◽

Somer L. Bishop ◽

Jane E. Roberts

Keyword(s):

Motor Skills ◽

Motor Development ◽

Fragile X ◽

Parent Report ◽

Cognitive Level ◽

Motor Impairments ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Gross Motor Skills ◽

Direct Assessment

Abstract Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is highly prevalent in fragile X syndrome (FXS), affecting 50–70% of males. Motor impairments are a shared feature across autism and FXS that may help to better characterize autism in FXS. As motor skills provide a critical foundation for various language, cognitive, and social outcomes, they may serve an important mechanistic role for autism in FXS. As such, this study aimed to identify differences in motor trajectories across direct assessment and parent-report measures of fine and gross motor development between FXS with and without autism, and typical development, while controlling for cognitive functioning. Methods This prospective longitudinal study included 42 children with FXS, 24 of whom also had ASD (FXS + ASD), as well as 40 typically developing children. The Mullen Scales of Early Learning provided a direct measure of fine and gross motor skills, and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales provided a measure of parent-reported fine and gross motor skills. Random slopes and random intercepts multilevel models were tested to determine divergence in developmental motor trajectories between groups when controlling for cognitive level. Results Model results indicated the children with FXS + ASD diverged from TD children by 9-months on all measures of gross and fine motor skills, even when controlling for cognitive level. Results also indicated an early divergence in motor trajectories of fine and gross motor skills between the FXS + ASD and FXS groups when controlling for cognitive level. This divergence was statistically significant by 18 months, with the FXS + ASD showing decelerated growth in motor skills across direct observation and parent-report measures. Conclusions This study is the first to examine longitudinal trends in motor development in children with FXS with and without comorbid ASD using both direct assessment and parent-report measures of fine and gross motor. Furthermore, it is among the first to account for nonverbal cognitive delays, a step towards elucidating the isolated role of motor impairments in FXS with and without ASD. Findings underscore the role of motor impairments as a possible signal representing greater underlying genetic liability, or as a potential catalyst or consequence, of co-occurring autism in FXS.

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Virulent Ethnocentrism and Conflict Intractability: Puzzles and Challenges for 3rd Party Intervenors

Peace and Conflict Studies ◽

10.46743/1082-7307/2003.1032 ◽

2003 ◽

Author(s):

Dennis Sandole

Keyword(s):

Third Parties ◽

Third Party ◽

Cognitive Level ◽

Political Realism ◽

Four Dimensions ◽

Emotional Context ◽

Identity Based ◽

Historical Memories ◽

The Cold War

This article addresses complex identity-based conflicts, such as those associated with the ending of the Cold War (e.g., Bosnia). It suggests that in many identity-based conflicts, historical memories of outrage and victimhood ("chosen traumas") have persevered across centuries, thereby keeping the conflicting parties "in history." The paper examines the role of virulent ethnocentrism in such intractable conflicts. It also examines the role of "nature" and "nurture" in embedding the universal tendency for humans to divide their species into "them" and "us" within a highly charged emotional context. The paper argues that the complexity of these conflicts has at least four dimensions which challenge the skills and good intentions of third parties: 1. Under stress parties' affective level (limbic brain) tends to override their cognitive level (neocortical brain), thereby enhancing the likelihood of experiencing "feeling is believing" instead of "seeing is believing." Parties may then not be susceptible to the efforts of third parties which often occur at the cognitive level. Such efforts do not necessarily "trickle down" to the affective level where "chosen traumas" are buried. 2. Third parties may have to first deal with an original, historical conflict (e.g., Turkey-Armenia, 1915) before they can deal with one of its more recent variations (Azerbaijan-Armenia, 1990s). 3. Analytically, third parties should employ comprehensive approaches to "capturing the complexity" of historically-/identity-based conflicts. Otherwise their intentions to "do no harm" may not only fail, but may make matters worse. 4. Effective third party intervention may then call for coordination among "multitrack" actors performing different roles at the same or at different points in time; in effect, the collaboration and "co-evolution" of approaches corresponding to otherwise competing paradigms (e.g., Political Realism, Idealism, Marxism, Non-Marxist Radical Thought [NMRT})

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C-80Construct Validity of Allen Cognitive Level Screen-5: Role of Executive Function

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology ◽

10.1093/arclin/acx076.247 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 667-765

Author(s):

S Schubmehl ◽

S Barkin ◽

D Cort

Keyword(s):

Executive Function ◽

Cognitive Level

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The relation of education, occupation, and cognitive activity to cognitive status in old age: the role of physical frailty

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610217000795 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (9) ◽

pp. 1469-1474 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Andreas Ihle ◽

Élvio R. Gouveia ◽

Bruna R. Gouveia ◽

Duarte L. Freitas ◽

Jefferson Jurema ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Old Age ◽

Cognitive Reserve ◽

Cognitive Activity ◽

Leisure Activity ◽

Cognitive Status ◽

Cognitive Level ◽

Physical Frailty

ABSTRACTBackground:It remains unclear so far whether the role of cognitive reserve may differ between physically frail compared to less frail individuals. Therefore, the present study set out to investigate the relation of key markers of cognitive reserve to cognitive status in old age and its interplay with physical frailty in a large sample of older adults.Methods:We assessed Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in 701 older adults. We measured grip strength as indicator of physical frailty and interviewed individuals on their education, past occupation, and cognitive leisure activity.Results:Greater grip strength, longer education, higher cognitive level of job, and greater engaging in cognitive leisure activity were significantly related to higher MMSE scores. Moderation analyses showed that the relations of education, cognitive level of job, and cognitive leisure activity to MMSE scores were significantly larger in individuals with lower, compared to those with greater grip strength.Conclusions:Cognitive status in old age may more strongly depend on cognitive reserve accumulated during the life course in physically frail (compared to less frail) older adults. These findings may be explained by cross-domain compensation effects in vulnerable individuals.

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Virtual Reality in Education: Focus on the Role of Emotions and Physiological Reactivity

Journal of Virtual Worlds Research ◽

10.4101/jvwr.v12i1.7329 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mikko Vesisenaho ◽

Merja Juntunen ◽

Päivi Häkkinen ◽

Johanna Pöysä-Tarhonen ◽

Janne Fagerlund ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Research Literature ◽

Learning Performance ◽

Physiological Reactivity ◽

Cognitive Level ◽

Emotional Involvement ◽

Future Design ◽

Emotional Dimensions

Cognitive and emotional dimensions are often linked to each other in learning experiences. Moreover, emotions and engagement can lead to better outcomes at the cognitive level. Previous research has indicated that virtual reality (VR) provides a feeling of presence and immersion, which can trigger emotionally engaging learning situations. In this study, we explore the opportunities and challenges related to the use of VR in an educational context. The focus of this article is threefold: First, we explore interdisciplinary research literature related to the use of VR for educational purposes. Second, we introduce our VR pilot study in teacher education, applying three different kinds of VR applications. During the pilot study, we utilized physiological measurements, the self-assessed experience of emotional involvement (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) and students’ qualitative reporting on VR experiences. Third, we discuss the potential of brain imaging methods such as EEG measures for capturing learning, performance, and emotions in VR and offer pedagogical guidelines for the future design of VR environments.

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The role of cognitive level, cognitive style and information processing abilities in children's understanding of fractions as part‐whole

International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology ◽

10.1080/0020739900210510 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 747-757 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. Di Gennaro** ◽

V. Picciarelli ◽

M. T. Rienzi

Keyword(s):

Information Processing ◽

Cognitive Style ◽

Cognitive Level ◽

Processing Abilities

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Summary of Part III

The Dynamics of the Linguistic System ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198814771.003.0015 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 286-293

Author(s):

Hans-Jörg Schmid

Keyword(s):

Associative Learning ◽

Feedback Loop ◽

Extension Principle ◽

Speech Community ◽

Cognitive Level ◽

Cognitive Principles ◽

Support Principle

By way of a summary of Part III, this chapter shows how the competitive routinization of the four types of associations brings about what we regard as the structure of language on the cognitive level. In the course of this, the important and pervasive role of paradigmatic associations and their routinization is discussed and three principles related to paradigmatic associations are postulated: the paradigmatic strengthening principle, the paradigmatic extension principle, and the paradigmatic support principle. In line with the feedback-loop idea which lies behind the EC-Model, it is argued that this structure is derived from cognitive principles of associative learning, processing, and representation, but can only serve as a means of communication if it is conventionalized in a speech community, which in turn influences what can become entrenched in the minds of individual speakers.

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