scholarly journals The moment arms of the muscles spanning the glenohumeral joint: a systematic review

2018 ◽  
Vol 234 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freya Hik ◽  
David C. Ackland
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
Moment Arms ◽  
The Moment

scholarly journals Forelimb muscle and joint actions in Archosauria: insights from Crocodylus johnstoni (Pseudosuchia) and Mussaurus patagonicus (Sauropodomorpha)

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Otero ◽  
Vivian Allen ◽  
Diego Pol ◽  
John R. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Moment Arms ◽  
Crocodylus Johnstoni ◽  
Musculoskeletal Anatomy ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
The Moment ◽  
And Function ◽  
Muscle Actions

Many of the major locomotor transitions during the evolution of Archosauria, the lineage including crocodiles and birds as well as extinct Dinosauria, were shifts from quadrupedalism to bipedalism (and vice versa). Those occurred within a continuum between more sprawling and erect modes of locomotion and involved drastic changes of limb anatomy and function in several lineages, including sauropodomorph dinosaurs. We present biomechanical computer models of two locomotor extremes within Archosauria in an analysis of joint ranges of motion and the moment arms of the major forelimb muscles in order to quantify biomechanical differences between more sprawling, pseudosuchian (represented the crocodile Crocodylus johnstoni) and more erect, dinosaurian (represented by the sauropodomorph Mussaurus patagonicus) modes of forelimb function. We compare these two locomotor extremes in terms of the reconstructed musculoskeletal anatomy, ranges of motion of the forelimb joints and the moment arm patterns of muscles across those ranges of joint motion. We reconstructed the three-dimensional paths of 30 muscles acting around the shoulder, elbow and wrist joints. We explicitly evaluate how forelimb joint mobility and muscle actions may have changed with postural and anatomical alterations from basal archosaurs to early sauropodomorphs. We thus evaluate in which ways forelimb posture was correlated with muscle leverage, and how such differences fit into a broader evolutionary context (i.e. transition from sprawling quadrupedalism to erect bipedalism and then shifting to graviportal quadrupedalism). Our analysis reveals major differences of muscle actions between the more sprawling and erect models at the shoulder joint. These differences are related not only to the articular surfaces but also to the orientation of the scapula, in which extension/flexion movements in Crocodylus (e.g. protraction of the humerus) correspond to elevation/depression in Mussaurus. Muscle action is highly influenced by limb posture, more so than morphology. Habitual quadrupedalism in Mussaurus is not supported by our analysis of joint range of motion, which indicates that glenohumeral protraction was severely restricted. Additionally, some active pronation of the manus may have been possible in Mussaurus, allowing semi-pronation by a rearranging of the whole antebrachium (not the radius against the ulna, as previously thought) via long-axis rotation at the elbow joint. However, the muscles acting around this joint to actively pronate it may have been too weak to drive or maintain such orientations as opposed to a neutral position in between pronation and supination. Regardless, the origin of quadrupedalism in Sauropoda is not only linked to manus pronation but also to multiple shifts of forelimb morphology, allowing greater flexion movements of the glenohumeral joint and a more columnar forelimb posture.

MOMENT ARMS OF THE ARM MUSCLES AT THE GLENOHUMERAL JOINT USING THE TENDON EXCURSION METHOD

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiji Itoi ◽  
Seok-Beom Lee ◽  
Lawrence J. Berglund ◽  
Fredrick M. Schultz ◽  
Patricia G. Neale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
Moment Arm ◽  
Moment Arms ◽  
Individual Function ◽  
Arm Muscles ◽  
Long Head ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
External Rotator ◽  
Tendon Excursion

Muscle moment arm defines the function of the muscle. To date, moment arms of the arm muscles at the glenohumeral joint using the tendon excursion method have not been reported. As the functions of these muscles at the shoulder joint are controversial, this study was undertaken to determine the moment arms of the long and short heads of the biceps (LHB, SHB), the coracobrachialis, and the long head of the triceps muscles. The moment arms were determined in 10 cadaveric shoulders by measuring the tendon excursion when the arm was rotated by 1 radian (57.3°) in 22 different motions. The LHB was a flexor, horizontal flexor, and abductor. The SHB and coracobrachialis were flexors, horizontal flexors, and adductors. The long head of the triceps was an extensor and adductor. Arm rotation significantly affected the function of the LHB only: it was an internal rotator in flexion and an external rotator in abduction. This study clarifies the individual function of the arm muscles at the glenohumeral joint.

Functional cortical changes associated with shoulder instability – a systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. 175857322110190
Author(s):  
Morissa F Livett ◽  
Deborah Williams ◽  
Hayley Potter ◽  
Melinda Cairns
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Joint Instability ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Cortical Function ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Central Register ◽  
Rehabilitative Measures ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Background Glenohumeral joint instability is associated with structural deficits and/or alterations in sensory and motor processing; however, a proportion of patients with glenohumeral joint instability fail to respond to surgical and rehabilitative measures. This systematic review aimed to establish if functional cortical changes occur in patients with glenohumeral joint instability. Methods AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Medline, PEDro, Pubmed, PsychINFO and Scopus were searched from inception to 17 March 2021. Randomised controlled trials and non-randomised trials were included and quality was appraised using the Downs and Black tool. Results One thousand two hundred seventy-nine records were identified of which five were included in the review. All studies showed altered cortical function when comparing instability patients with healthy controls and included areas associated with higher cortical functions. Discussion The findings of this systematic review offer some insight as to why interventions addressing peripheral pathoanatomical factors in patients with glenohumeral joint instability may fail in some cases due to functional cortical changes. However, data are of moderate to high risk of bias. Further high-quality research is required to ascertain the degree of functional cortical changes associated with the type and duration of glenohumeral joint instability.

Postoperative Rehabilitation of Anterior Glenohumeral Joint Instability Surgery: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Gregory Lloyd ◽  
Jonathan Day ◽  
Jana Lu ◽  
Andrew Lincoln ◽  
Sarah Attanasio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Joint Instability ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
Postoperative Rehabilitation

Analysis of the mero-carpopodite joint of the American lobster and snow crab. II. Kinematics, morphometrics and moment arms

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1249-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.C. Mitchell ◽  
M.E. DeMont
Keyword(s):  
Joint Angle ◽  
Snow Crab ◽  
Moment Arm ◽  
Scaling Effects ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Positive Allometry ◽  
Moment Arms ◽  
Arm Reaching ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
The Moment

This research reports on the kinematics of lobster and snow crab walking, documents changes in the moment arms of the mero-carpopodite joint during rotation, and examines scaling effects of morphological and mechanical variables in these crustacean species. Forward walking lobsters and lateral walking crabs were recorded and images analysed to describe the kinematics of these animals, and subsequently morphometric and moment arm measurements made. During forward walking the lobster maintains fixed mero-carpopodite joint angles during both the power and recovery strokes, though each of the walking legs maintains different joint angles. Legs 3 and 5 are maintained at angles which appear to equalize the flexor and extensor moment arms, and leg 4 joint angle appears to maximize the extensor moment arm. The snow crab has a joint excursion angle of between approximately 50° to 150° and, during flat bed walking, the leading and trailing legs move through similar excursion angles. The length of the meropodite for both species are longer for the anterior two leg pairs relative to the posterior two pairs and the rate of growth of the meropodite is largely isometric for the lobster while consistently increases with positive allometry in the crab. The flexor and extensor moment arms generated as the joint undergoes flexion/extension show two distinct patterns with the extensor moment arm being maximized at relatively low joint angles (55°–115°) and the flexor moment arm reaching a plateau at joint extension with angles between 95° and 155°. The flexor apodeme possesses the largest moment arms in all legs for both species, suggesting the flexors are able to generate greater torques. It appears that, mechanically, these laterally moving animals may be ‘pulling’ with the leading legs to a greater extent than ‘pushing’ with the trailing legs.

scholarly journals A systematic review of the literature assessing the outcomes of stapled haemorrhoidopexy versus open haemorrhoidectomy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Z. Ruan ◽  
W. English ◽  
A. Hotouras ◽  
C. Bryant ◽  
F. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Safe Procedure ◽  
Stapled Haemorrhoidopexy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Study Characteristics ◽  
The Moment

Abstract Background Symptomatic haemorrhoids affect a large number of patients throughout the world. The aim of this systematic review was to compare the surgical outcomes of stapled haemorrhoidopexy (SH) versus open haemorrhoidectomy (OH) over a 20-year period. Methods Randomized controlled trials published between January 1998 and January 2019 were extracted from Pubmed using defined search criteria. Study characteristics and outcomes in the form of short-term and long-term complications of the two techniques were analyzed. Any changes in trend of outcomes over time were assessed by comparing article groups 1998–2008 and 2009–2019. Results Twenty-nine and 9 relevant articles were extracted for the 1998–2008 (period 1) and 2009–2019 (period 2) cohorts, respectively. Over the two time periods, SH was found to be a safe procedure, associated with statistically reduced operative time (in 13/21 studies during period 1 and in 3/8 studies during period 2), statistically less intraoperative bleeding (3/7 studies in period 1 and 1/1 study in period 2) and consistently less early postoperative pain on the visual analogue scale (12/15 studies in period 1 and 4/5 studies in period 2) resulting in shorter hospital stay (12/20 studies in period 1 and 2/2 studies in period 2) at the expense of a higher cost. In the longer term, although chronic pain in SH and OH patents is comparable, patient satisfaction with SH may decline with time and at 2-year follow-up OH appeared to be associated with greater patient satisfaction. Conclusions SH appears to be safe with potential advantages, at least in the short term, but the evidence is lacking at the moment to suggest its routine use in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Articular Cartilage Defects of the Glenohumeral Joint: A Systematic Review of Treatment Options and Outcomes

Cartilage ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 194760351987085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Fiegen ◽  
Devin P. Leland ◽  
Christopher D. Bernard ◽  
Aaron J. Krych ◽  
Jonathan D. Barlow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Patient Reported Outcomes ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Cartilage Defects ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Patient Reported

Objective To report radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings, patient-reported outcomes, and complications and/or reoperations following nonarthroplasty surgical intervention for focal glenohumeral cartilage defects. Design A literature search was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Patients were included if they possessed a chondral defect of the humeral head, glenoid, or both, which had been treated with a joint preserving nonarthroplasty procedure. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies scoring system. Study demographics, surgical technique, imaging findings, patient-reported outcomes, complications, failures, and reoperations were collected. Results Fourteen studies with 98 patients (100 shoulders) met the inclusion criteria. Patient ages ranged from 7 to 74 years. The nonarthroplasty surgical techniques utilized included microfracture (67 shoulders), osteochondral transplantation (28 shoulders), chondrocyte transplantation (4 shoulders), and internal fixation (1 shoulder). The rates of radiographic union and progression of osteoarthritis ranged between 90% to 100% and 57% to 100%, respectively. Visual analog scores ranged from 0 to 1.9 at final follow-up. Mean postoperative ASES (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons) shoulder scores ranged from 75.8-100. Mean postoperative CSS (Constant Shoulder Score) scores ranged from 83.3-94. Mean postoperative SSV (Subjective Shoulder Value) ranged from 70% to 99%. Failure and reoperation rates ranged between 0% to 35% and 0% to 30%, respectively, with the most common reoperation being conversion to prosthetic arthroplasty. Conclusions In this systematic review, nonarthroplasty surgical techniques demonstrated acceptable rates of radiographic healing, improved patient reported outcomes, minimal complications, and low rates of failure or reoperation. Joint preserving techniques are likely viable options to prolong function of the native shoulder and provide short- to midterm pain relief in young and highly active patients. Level of Evidence Level IV.

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