The result of instrumental analysis of the amount of motion in patients with different occlusive and skeletal classes according to the condylography

The temporomandibular joint is paired, a complex formation of an ellipsoid shape, which is formed by the articular head of the lower jaw, the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone, covered with fibrous cartilage. There are two types of movements in the temporomandibular joint: translation and rotation, which implement protrusion-retrusion, right and left mediotrusion, and opening-closing. Computerized axiography is used for assessment of the mandibular movements and the patient’s skeletal parameters. This type of examination allows you to adjust the articulator for an individual function and to study the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the temporomandibular joint.

Predicting Individual Function During COVID-19 Lockdown: Depression, Fear of COVID-19, Age, and Employment

This study aims to identify the significance of age and employment to individual function during COVID-19. An online survey included 509 Israeli citizens, ages 18–78, who reported individual function, depression, fears related to COVID-19 and demographic characteristics. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis showed a good fit between our model and the data. Age and employment were negatively associated with depression and economic fears related to COVID-19 that, in turn, were negatively associated with individual function. The effect of age and employment on individual function was fully mediated via depression and economic fears related to COVID-19. The discussion addresses our findings in the context of the victimization paradox. Although COVID-19 related health complications are more frequent among older adults, our results suggest that practitioners responsible for public mental health during viral pandemics should consider young age and unemployment as risk factors for depression and low individual function.

Cell-specific expression and individual function of prohormone convertase PC1/3 in Tribolium larval growth highlights major evolutionary changes between beetle and fly neuroendocrine systems

Background The insect neuroendocrine system acts in the regulation of physiology, development and growth. Molecular evolution of this system hence has the potential to allow for major biological differences between insect groups. Two prohormone convertases, PC1/3 and PC2, are found in animals and both function in the processing of neuropeptide precursors in the vertebrate neurosecretory pathway. Whereas PC2-function is conserved between the fly Drosophila and vertebrates, ancestral PC1/3 was lost in the fly lineage and has not been functionally studied in any protostome. Results In order to understand its original functions and the changes accompanying the gene loss in the fly, we investigated PC1/3 and PC2 expression and function in the beetle Tribolium castaneum. We found that PC2 is broadly expressed in the nervous system, whereas surprisingly, PC1/3 expression is restricted to specific cell groups in the posterior brain and suboesophageal ganglion. Both proteases have parallel but non-redundant functions in adult beetles’ viability and fertility. Female infertility following RNAi is caused by a failure to deposit sufficient yolk to the developing oocytes. Larval RNAi against PC2 produced moulting defects where the larvae were not able to shed their old cuticle. This ecdysis phenotype was also observed in a small subset of PC1/3 knockdown larvae and was strongest in a double knockdown. Unexpectedly, most PC1/3-RNAi larvae showed strongly reduced growth, but went through larval moults despite minimal to zero weight gain. Conclusions The cell type-specific expression of PC1/3 and its essential requirement for larval growth highlight the important role of this gene within the insect neuroendocrine system. Genomic conservation in most insect groups suggests that it has a comparable individual function in other insects as well, which has been replaced by alternative mechanisms in flies.

Gross anatomy of the longitudinal fascicle of Sapajus sp.

Opposing genetic and cultural-social explanations for the origin of language are currently the focus of much discussion. One of the functions linked to the longitudinal fascicle is language, which links Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area in the brain, and its size should indicate the brain increase in the evolution. Sapajus is a New World primate genus with high cognition and advanced tool use similar to that of chimpanzees. A study of the gross anatomy of the longitudinal fascicle of Sapajus using Kingler’s method found it to differ from other studied primates, such as macaques and chimpanzees, mainly because its fibers join the cingulate fascicle. As in other non-human primates, the longitudinal fascicle of Sapajus does not reach the temporal lobe, which could indicate a way of separating these fascicles to increase white matter in relation to individual function. The study of anatomical structures seems very promising for understanding the basis of the origin of language. Indeed, socio-historical-cultural philosophy affirms the socio-cultural origin of speech, although considering the anatomical structures behind it working as a functional system.

Sequence analysis paradigm shift reveals unsuspected semantic properties of species proteomes

Alignment-based methods dominate molecular biology. However, by primarily allowing one-to-one comparisons, they are focused on gene-centered viewpoint and lack the broad aperture needed for complex biological systems analysis. We hypothesized existence of contextual information related to gene's inclusion in a molecular network of the cell being distributed among more than one sequence. The need for conservation of established interactions, which is arguably more important to the evolutionary success of species than conservation of individual function was the rationale behind this. To test whether this information exists, we applied distributional semantics method - Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) to thousands of species proteomes. Using natural language processing we identified Latent Taxonomic Signatures (LTSs), a novel proteome distributed feature supporting the argument that protein-coding genes do not evolve as taxonomy independent variables. LTSs reflect constraint imposed to individual gene/protein evolution by their genome/proteome context. In summary, discovery of LTSs indicates that genes had to trade some of their "selfishness" by becoming parts of genome conglomerates.

Wheels within wheels, Nested Function-value Traits as a Tool for Modeling Ontogeny

Plant morphologies exhibit a wide array of outcomes that have evolved as a consequence adapting to a wide array of ecological pressures. These disparate morphologies have provided a rich field for comparative morphologists, developmental biologists, and geneticists to explore. Ultimately the array of variation observed in nature across different plant species is built on the same functional unit, the phytomer, which is composed of a leaf, a node, and an internode. Sequentially produced phytomers exhibit heteroblasty, that is, a gradual or abrupt change in shape, either due to size changes or changes due to reproductive phase. The progression of shape change over time is often indirectly measured by sampling several stages of plant growth and comparing allometric relationships between shape variables. However, a more precise method is to use an absolute time scale and measure shape change of sequential organs directly. In this study we use such time-dependent measurements to build a general model of organ growth for several Setaria genotypes, for both leaves and internodes. We term this the second-order function-value trait (2FVT) model, because it generalizes individual function-value trait models generated for each organ. This model reduces phenotypic noise by averaging the general trend of ontogeny and provides a quantitative tool to describe where and when phenotypic shifts occur during the ontogenies of different genotypes. The ability to recognize how ontogenetic variation is distributed within equivalent positions of the body plan at the interspecific level can be used as a tool to explore various questions related to growth and form in plants both for comparative morphology and developmental genetics.

Individual function of the ancestral prohormone convertase PC1/3 in Tribolium larval growth and moulting highlights major evolutionary changes between beetle and fly neuroendocrine systems

Background: The insect neuroendocrine system acts in the regulation of physiology, development and growth. Molecular evolution of this system hence has the potential to allow for major biological differences between insect groups. Two prohormone convertases, PC1/3 and PC2, are found in animals and both function in the processing of neuropeptide precursors in the vertebrate neurosecretory pathway. Whereas PC2-function is conserved between the fly Drosophila and vertebrates , ancestral PC1/3 was lost in the fly lineage and has not been functionally studied in any protostome. Results: In order to understand its original functions and the changes accompanying the gene loss in the fly, we investigated PC1/3 and PC2 expression and function in the beetle Tribolium castaneum. We found that PC2 is broadly expressed in the nervous system, whereas surprisingly, PC1/3 expression is restricted to specific cell groups in the posterior brain and suboesophageal ganglion. Both proteases have parallel but non-redundant functions in adult beetles’ viability and fertility. Female infertility following RNAi is caused by a failure to deposit sufficient nutritive material to the developing oocytes. Larval RNAi of both genes produced moulting defects where the larvae were not able to shed their old cuticle and became ‘locked-in’. Unexpectedly, PC1/3 RNAi larvae went through supernumerary larval moults despite minimal to zero weight gain. Conclusions: Our results indicate a yet unknown molecular mechanism for the coupling of moulting and growth in insect larvae. Conservation of the evolutionary ancient PC1/3 gene in most insect groups suggests conserved function and that its loss in dipterans may have been accompanied by major changes in the coordination of larval growth and moulting.

The intragenic epistatic association of ADD3 with biliary atresia in Southern Han Chinese population

Biliary atresia (BA) is a multifactorial pathogenic disease with possible genetic components. As a member of membrane skeletal proteins in the liver and bile ducts, a haplotype composed by five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on adducin 3 (ADD3) has been identified as associated with BA. However, limited study was designed to further elaborate the mutual relationship amongst those replicated SNPs to disease. We selected three susceptibility SNPs in ADD3 and conducted a replication study using 510 BA cases and 1473 controls to evaluate the individual function of the SNPs and further stratified the potential roles with disease and its subclinical features. Two SNPs in ADD3 were replicated as associated with BA (1.60E-04 ≤ P≤1.70E-04, 1.33 ≤ odds ratio (OR) ≤ 1.58 for rs17095355, 2.10E-04 ≤ P≤5.30E-04, 1.26 ≤ OR ≤ 1.57 for rs2501577). Though we failed to replicate the individual association of rs10509906 to disease, the intragenic epistatic effect between rs10509906 and rs2501577 was suggested as exhibiting susceptibility to BA, further cross-validated by multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) (P=0.068, OR = 1.37), which may explain extra hidden heritability of ADD3 to BA. Furthermore, through subclinical stratification, we also observed the association of risk to disease mainly came from the female patients.

Introduction: How to Conceive Global Function Systems?

The introduction summarizes the analytical perspectives used and the conceptual structures introduced in the essays of this volume. On the basis of the results of this synthesis it proposes four directions for further research: 1. The identification of beginnings of functional differentiation in premodern societies in different world regions. 2. The analysis of conceptual transfers and of the contours of global categories that connect the regions of an emerging world society. 3. The historical-analytical tracing of the differentiation histories of the individual function systems. How do they expand on the basis of the symbol complexes of which they consist? 4. The study of the complexity of a functionally differentiated world society: The multiplicity of function systems, the intensification of interactions among them, the global problems behind the rise of new function systems, the varieties within function systems and the variant structural couplings between them.

Modular system in the development of pre-school buildings

The present work is devoted to the study of the possibility of applying an integrated modular approach in the development of buildings for children's educational institutions. Three aspects of the problem are considered. Firstly - the need to comply with the requirements for the device, content and organization of the mode of operation of children's preschool organizations. Secondly - ensuring urban planning maneuverability of structures. Parameters of the premises of a children's institution allow using a single module for any functional area. Thus, it is possible to arrange individual function blocks in different ways, and, by changing the number of units, vary the filling number of a children. Thirdly, the integration of architectural design with the simultaneous design of developing territorial complexes - locales in children's educational institutions.