The impact of five nights of sleep restriction on emotional reactivity

Abstract. In the study, the neural basis of emotional reactivity was investigated. Reactivity was operationalized as the impact of emotional pictures on the self-reported ongoing affective state. It was used to divide the subjects into high- and low-responders groups. Independent sources of brain activity were identified, localized with the DIPFIT method, and clustered across subjects to analyse the visual evoked potentials to affective pictures. Four of the identified clusters revealed effects of reactivity. The earliest two started about 120 ms from the stimulus onset and were located in the occipital lobe and the right temporoparietal junction. Another two with a latency of 200 ms were found in the orbitofrontal and the right dorsolateral cortices. Additionally, differences in pre-stimulus alpha level over the visual cortex were observed between the groups. The attentional modulation of perceptual processes is proposed as an early source of emotional reactivity, which forms an automatic mechanism of affective control. The role of top-down processes in affective appraisal and, finally, the experience of ongoing emotional states is also discussed.

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043 Sleep Restriction Affects Memory in Healthy Adults: Preliminary Findings

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsab072.042 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. A18-A19

Author(s):

Molly Zimmerman ◽

Christiane Hale ◽

Adam Brickman ◽

Lok-Kin Yeung ◽

Justin Cochran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Healthy Adults ◽

Task Demands ◽

Sleep Restriction ◽

Neuropsychological Function ◽

Wake Time ◽

Sleep Condition ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction Sleep loss has a range of detrimental effects on cognitive ability. However, few studies have examined the impact of sleep restriction on neuropsychological function using an experimental design. The goal of this study was to examine the extent to which maintained insufficient sleep affects cognition in healthy adults compared to habitual adequate sleep. Methods This study used a randomized, crossover, outpatient sleep restriction design. Adults who regularly slept at least 7 h/night, verified by 2 weeks of screening with actigraphy, completed 2 phases of 6 weeks each: habitual sleep (>7 h of sleep/night) or sleep restriction (habitual sleep minus 1.5 h) separated by a 6-week washout period. During the sleep restriction phase, participants were asked to delay their bedtime by 1.5 hours/night while maintaining their habitual wake time. Neuropsychological function was evaluated with the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery at baseline (week 0) and endpoint (week 6) of each intervention phase. The NIH Toolbox evaluates a range of cognitive abilities, including attention, executive functioning, and working memory. General linear models with post hoc paired t-tests were used to assess demographically-adjusted test scores prior to and following each sleep condition. Results At the time of analyses, 16 participants were enrolled (age 34.5□14.5 years, 9 women), 10 of whom had completed study procedures. An interaction between sleep condition and testing session revealed that individuals performed worse on List Sorting, a working memory test, after sleep restriction but improved slightly after habitual sleep (p<0.001). While not statistically reliable, the pattern of test results was similar on the other tests of processing speed, executive function, and attention. Conclusion In these preliminary results from this randomized experimental study, we demonstrated that sleep restriction has a negative impact while stable habitual adequate sleep has a positive impact on working memory, or the ability to temporarily hold information in mind while executing task demands. This finding contributes to our understanding of the complex interplay between different aspects of sleep quality (i.e., both sleep restriction as well as the maintenance of stable sleep patterns) on cognition and underscores the importance of routine sleep screening as part of medical evaluations. Support (if any):

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Impact of generalized brain arousal on sexual behavior

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.0914014107 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 107 (5) ◽

pp. 2265-2270 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Zachary M. Weil ◽

Qiuyu Zhang ◽

Allison Hornung ◽

David Blizard ◽

Donald W. Pfaff

Keyword(s):

Emotional Reactivity ◽

Behavioral Arousal ◽

Sensory Stimuli ◽

Vertebrate Brain ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Initial Activation ◽

High Level ◽

Global Brain ◽

Motivated Behaviors ◽

The Impact

Although there is an extensive amount known about specific sensory and motor functions of the vertebrate brain, less is understood about the regulation of global brain states. We have recently proposed that a function termed generalized arousal (Ag) serves as the most elemental driving force in the nervous system, responsible for the initial activation of all behavioral responses. An animal with increased generalized CNS arousal is characterized by greater motor activity, increased responsivity to sensory stimuli, and greater emotional lability. Implicit in this theory was the prediction that increases in generalized arousal would augment specific motivated behaviors that depend on arousal. Here, we address the idea directly by testing two lines of mice bred for high or low levels of generalized arousal and assessing their responses in tests of specific forms of behavioral arousal, sex and anxiety/exploration. We report that animals selected for differential generalized arousal exhibit marked increases in sensory, motor, and emotional reactivity in our arousal assay. Furthermore, male mice selected for high levels of generalized arousal were excitable and showed more incomplete mounts before the first intromission (IN), but having achieved that IN, they exhibited far fewer IN before ejaculating, as well as ejaculating much sooner after the first IN, thus indicating a high level of sexual arousal. Additionally, high-arousal animals of both sexes exhibited greater levels of anxiety-like behaviors and reduced exploratory behavior in the elevated plus maze and light-dark box tasks. Taken together, these data illustrate the impact of Ag on motivated behaviors.

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Always Look on the Bright Side of Life: The Attentional Basis of Positive Affectivity

European Journal of Personality ◽

10.1002/per.1842 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 133-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Ben Grafton ◽

Christian Ang ◽

Colin MacLeod

Keyword(s):

Emotional Reactivity ◽

Positive Affectivity ◽

Positive Information ◽

Probe Task ◽

Bright Side ◽

Success Experience ◽

Attentional Selectivity ◽

The Impact ◽

Bias Modification

There is now reliable evidence that heightened positive affectivity is associated with a distinctive pattern of attentional selectivity, favouring emotionally positive information. While this has invited speculation that differential attentional responding to positive information may directly contribute to the determination of this emotional temperament, the causal basis of their association as yet remains unknown. We addressed this issue by experimentally manipulating selective attentional response to positive information, using a cognitive bias modification variant of the attentional probe task, and examining the impact of this attentional manipulation on positive emotional reactivity to a subsequent success experience. The findings support the hypothesis that individual differences in selective attentional response to positive information can make a causal contribution to variation in positive affectivity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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The Impact of Sleep Restriction on Daytime Functioning in School-Age Children With and Without ADHD: A Narrative Review of the Literature

Canadian Journal of School Psychology ◽

10.1177/0829573518770593 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 188-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fiona Davidson ◽

Benjamin Rusak ◽

Christine Chambers ◽

Penny Corkum

Keyword(s):

Sleep Problems ◽

Narrative Review ◽

School Age Children ◽

Sleep Restriction ◽

Typically Developing ◽

Daytime Functioning ◽

Insufficient Sleep ◽

Cognition And Emotion ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

The Impact

The purpose of this narrative review was to synthesize the existing literature on the impact of sleep on daytime functioning in both typically developing (TD) children and children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Correlational studies in children suggest that insufficient sleep and impaired daytime functioning are significantly associated; however, this does not address the causal relationships between sleep and daytime functioning. The review results indicated that there is limited experimental sleep manipulation research in children. In the eight studies that employed experimental methods to examine sleep restriction, the consequences of insufficient sleep were greatest for attention and inconsistent for other domains, such as cognition and emotion regulation. Despite the significant co-occurrence of ADHD and sleep problems, the experimental sleep research focused on the daytime impact of shorter sleep in children with ADHD is extremely limited and as such more research is needed.

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It’s not over yet: The impact of worry on emotional recovery

Journal of Experimental Psychopathology ◽

10.1177/2043808720929940 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 204380872092994

Author(s):

Jayne Morriss ◽

Nicolò Biagi ◽

Carien M. van Reekum

Keyword(s):

Skin Conductance ◽

Time Course ◽

Emotional Reactivity ◽

Skin Conductance Level ◽

Well Being ◽

Corrugator Supercilii ◽

Emotional Pictures ◽

Emotional Recovery ◽

The Impact ◽

Conductance Level

Emotional reactivity and recovery are crucial for maintaining well-being. It remains unknown, however, to what extent emotion modulates the time course of recovery assessed using a simple categorization task and how this varies based on individual differences in worry. To address these questions, 35 participants viewed emotional pictures, followed by abstract greeble targets, which were to be categorized. Greebles were presented between 100 ms and 4,000 ms after picture offset. Physiological measures including skin conductance level and the corrugator supercilii were recorded and served as indicators of responsivity to emotional pictures. Measures of reaction time (RT) and accuracy scores were taken as indicators of the impact of emotion on facilitation or interference to the greeble target. Effects of interference and facilitation were observed up to 4,000 ms after emotional pictures on RT and accuracy scores. High worry was associated with greater (1) corrugator supercilii and skin conductance level to negative versus positive and neutral pictures and (2) interference from emotional pictures on accuracy scores. Overall, these findings suggest that subsequent processing is still impacted up to 4,000 ms after the offset of emotional pictures, particularly for negative events in individuals with high worry.

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Heightened stress responsivity and emotional reactivity during pubertal maturation: Implications for psychopathology

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579409000066 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 87-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 163

Author(s):

Linda Patia Spear

Keyword(s):

Middle Childhood ◽

Emotional Reactivity ◽

Developmental Psychopathology ◽

Special Section ◽

Affective Processing ◽

Future Research ◽

Affective Valence ◽

Affective Stimuli ◽

Stress Responsivity ◽

The Impact

AbstractThis commentary reviews and reflects on the studies of this special section: studies that collectively provide compelling evidence for meaningful changes in stress- and emotionally reactive psychophysiological systems with the transition from middle childhood into adolescence. The observed changes were complex and often overlaid upon ontogenetic differences in basal levels of activation of these systems. Maturational increases in responsiveness to stressors were stressor dependent and differentially expressed across autonomic and hormonal measures. Pubertal status increased the impact of some affective valence manipulations, although not significantly influencing others, including negative affect-related potentiation of startle/reflexes. Such ontogenetic increases in stressor and affect sensitivity may have implications for developmental psychopathology. Developmental increases in stressor reactivity may normally aid youth in responding adaptively to the challenges of adolescence, but may result in stress dysregulation among at-risk adolescents, increasing further their vulnerability for psychopathology. Pubertal-related increases in sensitivity to emotionally laden stimuli may exacerbate individual predispositions for exaggerated affective processing, perhaps contributing to the emergence of psychological disorders in these youth. Together, these studies, with their innovative use of autonomic, reflexive, and hormonal measures to index age- and pubertal-related changes in reactivity to stressors and affective stimuli, provide promising directions for future research. Some of these, along with a few cautionary notes, are outlined.

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Parenting Stress and Externalizing Behavior Symptoms in Children: The Impact of Emotional Reactivity

Child Psychiatry & Human Development ◽

10.1007/s10578-013-0371-0 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (6) ◽

pp. 786-797 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Giulia Buodo ◽

Ughetta Moscardino ◽

Sara Scrimin ◽

Gianmarco Altoè ◽

Daniela Palomba

Keyword(s):

Parenting Stress ◽

Externalizing Behavior ◽

Emotional Reactivity ◽

The Impact

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Pathological Narcissism and Emotional Responses to Rejection: The Impact of Adult Attachment

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.679168 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Samantha Reis ◽

Elizabeth Huxley ◽

Bryan Eng Yong Feng ◽

Brin F. S. Grenyer

Keyword(s):

Adult Attachment ◽

Emotional Reactivity ◽

Emotional Reactions ◽

Grandiose Narcissism ◽

Pathological Narcissism ◽

Vulnerable Narcissism ◽

Narcissistic Vulnerability ◽

Negative Trait ◽

Preoccupied Attachment ◽

The Impact

Background: Aspects of pathological narcissism, such as grandiosity, vulnerability and entitlement, tend be enacted in therapeutic settings, negatively influencing outcome and alliance between the clients and therapist. This research took an experimental approach to understanding the interplay between the emotional reactions of individuals with a pathological narcissistic presentation, and adult attachment style. We predicted that participants reporting narcissistic vulnerability would report greater insecurity in attachment (fearful and preoccupied styles), greater trait emotional reactivity, and also experience more intense and negative responses to simulated rejectionMethods: 269 participants (75.84% female, median age = 21) completed baseline and rejection trials of a virtual ball-tossing game, following the assessment of grandiose and vulnerable pathological narcissism, entitlement, adult attachment, trait emotional reactivity (measured prior to the rejection) and in-situ affective response (measured both before and after the rejection). Change in affect from baseline was calculated to capture affective responses to the manipulation.Results: Vulnerable narcissism was positively associated with both fearful and preoccupied attachment, and negatively associated with secure and dismissive attachment, whilst grandiose narcissism was significantly related to preoccupied attachment only. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses showed vulnerable narcissism predicted both (1) more negative trait emotional reactivity and (2) a significant increase in negative affect following the rejection trial. Grandiose narcissism was associated with (1) higher positive trait emotional reactivity, and (2) significant reductions in positive affect following rejection.Conclusion: Results indicated that those high in pathological narcissistic vulnerability reported greater insecurity in attachment, negative trait emotional reactivity and experienced a more negative and intense emotional reaction to rejection. Grandiose narcissism was related to a more deactivated pattern of emotional reactivity, and less positive (rather than more negative) emotional reactions. Findings have important implications for therapy, particularly regarding communication of emotions for individuals high in vulnerable and grandiose narcissism.

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The impact of the new derivative of nicotinic acid with anti-hypoxic activity on the functions of the central nervous system

Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy ◽

10.17816/rcf17145-52 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 45-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Igor M. Gneushev ◽

Natalia P. Katunina ◽

Vasiliy E. Novikov ◽

Elena V. Pozhilova

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Open Field ◽

Emotional Reactivity ◽

Antihypoxic Activity ◽

Defensive Reflex ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System Function ◽

The Impact ◽

Defense Reflex

The aim of the work was to study the effect of the complex compound of nicotine acid with antihypoxic activity under the code πQ-1043 on the function of the central nervous system. The experiments were performed on male mice of the SHR line. Influence of the compound on the function of the central nervous system was evaluated in the tests “open field”, conditioned-defense reflex of avoidance and corazole seizures. It was found that the compound πQ-1043 at a dose of 25 mg/kg increases emotional reactivity and reduces the coefficient of mobility of mice in the “open field” test, increases the latent time of the conditionally defensive reflex of avoidance, inhibits the development of seizures and increases the life expectancy of animals after administration of corazole. Such changes in the studied parameters indicate that the compound πQ-1043 has a depressing effect on the central nervous system function. It is assumed that the identified effect may be one of the components in the mechanism of antihypoxic action of the compound.

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