Invited Review: Polycomb group genes in the regeneration of the healthy and pathological skeletal muscle

Abstract The gene proboscipedia (pb) is a member of the Antennapedia complex in Drosophila and is required for the proper specification of the adult mouthparts. In the embryo, pb expression serves no known function despite having an accumulation pattern in the mouthpart anlagen that is conserved across several insect orders. We have identified several of the genes necessary to generate this embryonic pattern of expression. These genes can be roughly split into three categories based on their time of action during development. First, prior to the expression of pb, the gap genes are required to specify the domains where pb may be expressed. Second, the initial expression pattern of pb is controlled by the combined action of the genes Deformed (Dfd), Sex combs reduced (Scr), cap'n'collar (cnc), and teashirt (tsh). Lastly, maintenance of this expression pattern later in development is dependent on the action of a subset of the Polycomb group genes. These interactions are mediated in part through a 500-bp regulatory element in the second intron of pb. We further show that Dfd protein binds in vitro to sequences found in this fragment. This is the first clear demonstration of autonomous positive cross-regulation of one Hox gene by another in Drosophila melanogaster and the binding of Dfd to a cis-acting regulatory element indicates that this control might be direct.

Genetic interactions and dosage effects of Polycomb group genes in mice

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.125.18.3543 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 125 (18) ◽

pp. 3543-3551 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. Bel ◽

N. Core ◽

M. Djabali ◽

K. Kieboom ◽

N. Van der Lugt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hox Genes ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Axial Skeleton ◽

Polycomb Group ◽

Genetic Interactions ◽

Homeotic Gene ◽

Polycomb Group Genes ◽

Dosage Effects ◽

Somitic Mesoderm ◽

Homeotic Gene Expression

In Drosophila and mouse, Polycomb group genes are involved in the maintenance of homeotic gene expression patterns throughout development. Here we report the skeletal phenotypes of compound mutants for two Polycomb group genes bmi1 and M33. We show that mice deficient for both bmi1 and M33 present stronger homeotic transformations of the axial skeleton as compared to each single Polycomb group mutant, indicating strong dosage interactions between those two genes. These skeletal transformations are accompanied with an enhanced shift of the anterior limit of expression of several Hox genes in the somitic mesoderm. Our results demonstrate that in mice the Polycomb group genes act in synergy to control the nested expression pattern of some Hox genes in somitic mesodermal tissues during development.

Polycomb Group Genes Psc and Su(z)2 Maintain Somatic Stem Cell Identity and Activity in Drosophila

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0052892 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. e52892 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jose Rafael Morillo Prado ◽

Xin Chen ◽

Margaret T. Fuller

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Polycomb Group ◽

Somatic Stem Cell ◽

Cell Identity ◽

Polycomb Group Genes

Short Communication Mammalian Polycomb group genes are categorized as a new type of early response gene induced by B-cell receptor cross-linking

Molecular Immunology ◽

10.1016/s0161-5890(98)00048-0 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 35 (9) ◽

pp. 559-563 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Masayuki Hasegawa ◽

Osamu Tetsu ◽

Rieko Kanno ◽

Hiroko Inoue ◽

Hiroto Ishihara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Short Communication ◽

Cell Receptor ◽

Early Response ◽

B Cell Receptor ◽

Polycomb Group ◽

Cross Linking ◽

Response Gene ◽

Polycomb Group Genes ◽

Early Response Gene ◽

New Type

Gene expression profile of a selection of Polycomb Group genes during zebrafish embryonic and germ line development

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0200316 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. e0200316 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Naomi D. Chrispijn ◽

Karolina M. Andralojc ◽

Charlotte Castenmiller ◽

Leonie M. Kamminga

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Gene Expression Profile ◽

Expression Profile ◽

Germ Line ◽

Polycomb Group ◽

Polycomb Group Genes ◽

Selection Of

E(z): a polycomb group gene or a trithorax group gene?

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.122.7.2189 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 122 (7) ◽

pp. 2189-2197 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

D. LaJeunesse ◽

A. Shearn

Keyword(s):

Polycomb Group ◽

Bithorax Complex ◽

Trithorax Group ◽

Polycomb Group Genes ◽

Enhancer Of Zeste ◽

Selector Genes ◽

Homeotic Selector Genes ◽

Polycomb Group Gene ◽

Anterior Posterior ◽

Homeotic Selector

The products of the Polycomb group of genes are cooperatively involved in repressing expression of homeotic selector genes outside of their appropriate anterior/posterior boundaries. Loss of maternal and/or zygotic function of Polycomb group genes results in the ectopic expression of both Antennapedia Complex and Bithorax Complex genes. The products of the trithorax group of genes are cooperatively involved in maintaining active expression of homeotic selector genes within their appropriate anterior/posterior boundaries. Loss of maternal and/or zygotic function of trithorax group genes results in reduced expression of both Antennapedia Complex and Bithorax Complex genes. Although Enhancer of zeste has been classified as a member of the Polycomb group, in this paper we show that Enhancer of zeste can also be classified as a member of the trithorax group. The requirement for Enhancer of zeste activity as either a trithorax group or Polycomb group gene depends on the homeotic selector gene locus as well as on spatial and temporal cues.

PolyComb Group Genes

Encyclopedia of Cancer ◽

10.1007/978-3-540-47648-1_4665 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 2388-2388

Keyword(s):

Polycomb Group ◽

Polycomb Group Genes

Ubiquitin ligases HUWE1 and NEDD4 cooperatively control signal-dependent PRC2-Ezh1α/β-mediated adaptive stress response pathway in skeletal muscle cells

Epigenetics & Chromatin ◽

10.1186/s13072-019-0322-5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Peng Liu ◽

Muhammad Shuaib ◽

Huoming Zhang ◽

Seba Nadeef ◽

Valerio Orlando

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Cells ◽

Polycomb Group ◽

Skeletal Muscle Cells ◽

Polycomb Group Protein ◽

Association Pattern ◽

Ubiquitin E3 Ligase ◽

Stress Response Pathway ◽

Group Protein ◽

Transcriptional Output

Abstract Background While the role of Polycomb group protein-mediated “cell memory” is well established in developmental contexts, little is known about their role in adult tissues and in particular in post-mitotic cells. Emerging evidence assigns a pivotal role in cell plasticity and adaptation. PRC2-Ezh1α/β signaling pathway from cytoplasm to chromatin protects skeletal muscle cells from oxidative stress. However, detailed mechanisms controlling degradation of cytoplasmic Ezh1β and assembly of canonical PRC2-Ezh1α repressive complex remain to be clarified. Results Here, we report NEDD4 ubiquitin E3 ligase, as key regulator of Ezh1β. In addition, we report that ubiquitination and degradation of Ezh1β is controlled by another layer of regulation, that is, one specific phosphorylation of serine 560 located at Ezh1β-specific C terminal. Finally, we demonstrate that also Ezh1α needs to be stabilized under stress condition and this stabilization process requires decreased association pattern between another E3 ubiquitin ligase HUWE1. Conclusions Together, these results shed light on key components that regulate PRC2-Ezh1α/β pathway to direct modulation of epigenome plasticity and transcriptional output in skeletal muscle cells.