Xylem embolism spread is largely prevented by interconduit pit membranes until the majority of conduits are gas‐filled

Water inside plants forms a continuous chain from water in soils to the water evaporating from leaf surfaces. Failures in this chain result in reduced transpiration and photosynthesis and these failures are caused by soil drying and/or cavitation-induced xylem embolism. Xylem embolism and plant hydraulic failure share a number of analogies to “catastrophe theory” in dynamical systems. These catastrophes are often represented in the physiological and ecological literature as tipping points or alternative stable states when control variables exogenous (e.g. soil water potential) or endogenous (e.g. leaf water potential) to the plant are allowed to slowly vary. Here, plant hydraulics viewed from the perspective of catastrophes at multiple spatial scales is considered with attention to bubble expansion (i.e. cavitation), organ-scale vulnerability to embolism, and whole-plant biomass as a proxy for transpiration and hydraulic function. The hydraulic safety-efficiency tradeoff, hydraulic segmentation and maximum plant transpiration are examined using this framework. Underlying mechanisms for hydraulic failure at very fine scales such as pit membranes, intermediate scales such as xylem network properties and at larger scales such as soil-tree hydraulic pathways are discussed. Lacunarity areas in plant hydraulics are also flagged where progress is urgently needed.

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Diverging Responses of Two Subtropical Tree Species (Schima superba and Cunninghamia lanceolata) to Heat Waves

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11050513 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 513

Author(s):

Luping Qu ◽

Hans J. De Boeck ◽

Huihua Fan ◽

Gang Dong ◽

Jiquan Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Transport ◽

Tree Species ◽

Heat Waves ◽

Cunninghamia Lanceolata ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Xylem Embolism ◽

Schima Superba ◽

High Vapor ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Coniferous Tree Species

The frequency and intensity of heat waves (HWs) has increased in subtropical regions in recent years. The mechanism underlying the HW response of subtropical trees remains unclear. In this study, we conducted an experiment with broad-leaved Schima superba (S. superba) and coniferous Cunninghamia lanceolata (C. lanceolata) seedlings to examine HW (5-day long) effects on stem water transport, leaf water use efficiency (WUE), morphology and growth, and to elucidate differences in the responses of both species. Our results indicated that HWs can significantly reduce hydraulic conductivity in both species. C. lanceolata experienced significant xylem embolism, with the percentage loss of conductivity (PLC) increasing by 40%, while S. superba showed a non-significant increase in PLC (+25%). Furthermore, HW also caused a reduction in photosynthesis rates (An), but transpiration rates (Tr) increased on the 5th day of the HW, together leading to a significant decrease in leaf WUE. From diurnal dynamics, we observed that the HW caused significant decrease of S. superba An only in the morning, but nearly the all day for C. lanceolata. During the morning, with a high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) environment, the HW increased Tr, which contributed a lot to latently cooling the foliage. In comparing the two tree species, we found that HW effects on S. superba were mostly short-term, with leaf senescence but limited or no xylem embolism. The surviving S. superba recovered rapidly, forming new branches and leaves, aided by their extensive root systems. For C. lanceolata, continued seedling growth initially but with subsequent xylem embolism and withering of shoots, led to stunted recovery and regrowth. In conclusion, apart from the direct thermal impacts caused by HW, drought stress was the main cause of significant negative effects on plant water transport and the photosynthetic system. Furthermore, S. superba and C. lanceolata showed clearly different responses to HW, which implies that the response mechanisms of broad-leaved and coniferous tree species to climate change can differ.

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Repair of severe winter xylem embolism supports summer water transport and carbon gain in flagged crowns of the subalpine conifer Abies veitchii

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/tpz066 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (10) ◽

pp. 1725-1735 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mayumi Y Ogasa ◽

Haruhiko Taneda ◽

Hiroki Ooeda ◽

Akihiro Ohtsuka ◽

Emiko Maruta

Keyword(s):

Leaf Nitrogen ◽

Carbon Gain ◽

Late Winter ◽

Leaf Nitrogen Content ◽

Xylem Embolism ◽

Coniferous Species ◽

Abies Veitchii ◽

Individual Level ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

The Individual

Abstract Xylem embolism induced by winter drought is a serious dysfunction in evergreen conifers growing at wind-exposed sites in the mountains. Some coniferous species can recover from winter embolism. The aim of this study was to determine whether wind direction influences embolism formation and/or repair dynamics on short windward and long leeward branches of asymmetrical `flagged' crowns. We analyzed the effect of branch orientation on percentage loss of xylem conductive area (PLC), leaf functional traits and the xylem:leaf area ratio for subalpine, wind-exposed flagged-crown Abies veitchii trees in the northern Yatsugatake Mountains of central Japan. In late winter, the shoot water potential was below −2.5 MPa, and the PLC exceeded 80% in 2-year-old branches, independent of branch orientation within a flagged crown. Both of these parameters almost fully recovered by summer. At branch internodes 4 years of age and older, seasonal changes in PLC were not found in either windward or leeward branches, but the PLC was higher in less leafy windward branches. The leaf nitrogen content and water-use efficiency of mature leaves were comparable between windward branches and leafy leeward branches. The ratio of xylem conductive area to total leaf area was the same for windward and leeward branches. These results indicate that the repair of winter xylem embolism allows leaf physiological functions to be maintained under sufficient leaf water supply, even on winter-wind-exposed branches. This permits substantial photosynthetic carbon gain during the following growing season on both windward and leeward branches. Thus, xylem recovery from winter embolism is a key trait for the survival of harsh winters and to support productivity on the individual level in flagged-crown A. veitchii trees.

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