scholarly journals Cellulose synthesis during cell plate assembly

2018 ◽  
Vol 164 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiang-Wen Chen ◽  
Staffan Persson ◽  
Markus Grebe ◽  
Heather E. McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Cell Plate ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Plate Assembly

scholarly journals Cytokinesis in tobacco BY-2 and root tip cells: a new model of cell plate formation in higher plants.

1995 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 1345-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
A L Samuels ◽  
T H Giddings ◽  
L A Staehelin
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Parent Cell ◽  
Cell Periphery ◽  
New Model ◽  
Cell Plate Formation ◽  
Plate Formation

Cell plate formation in tobacco root tips and synchronized dividing suspension cultured tobacco BY-2 cells was examined using cryofixation and immunocytochemical methods. Due to the much improved preservation of the cells, many new structural intermediates have been resolved, which has led to a new model of cell plate formation in higher plants. Our electron micrographs demonstrate that cell plate formation consists of the following stages: (1) the arrival of Golgi-derived vesicles in the equatorial plane, (2) the formation of thin (20 +/- 6 nm) tubes that grow out of individual vesicles and fuse with others giving rise to a continuous, interwoven, tubulo-vesicular network, (3) the consolidation of the tubulo-vesicular network into an interwoven smooth tubular network rich in callose and then into a fenestrated plate-like structure, (4) the formation of hundreds of finger-like projections at the margins of the cell plate that fuse with the parent cell membrane, and (5) cell plate maturation that includes closing of the plate fenestrae and cellulose synthesis. Although this is a temporal chain of events, a developing cell plate may be simultaneously involved in all of these stages because cell plate formation starts in the cell center and then progresses centrifugally towards the cell periphery. The "leading edge" of the expanding cell plate is associated with the phragmoplast microtubule domain that becomes concentrically displaced during this process. Thus, cell plate formation can be summarized into two phases: first the formation of a membrane network in association with the phragmoplast microtubule domain; second, cell wall assembly within this network after displacement of the microtubules. The phragmoplast microtubules end in a filamentous matrix that encompasses the delicate tubulo-vesicular networks but not the tubular networks and fenestrated plates. Clathrin-coated buds/vesicles and multivesicular bodies are also typical features of the network stages of cell plate formation, suggesting that excess membrane material may be recycled in a selective manner. Immunolabeling data indicate that callose is the predominant lumenal component of forming cell plates and that it forms a coat-like structure on the membrane surface. We postulate that callose both helps to mechanically stabilize the early delicate membrane networks of forming cell plates, and to create a spreading force that widens the tubules and converts them into plate-like structures. Cellulose is first detected in the late smooth tubular network stage and its appearance seems to coincide with the flattening and stiffening of the cell plate.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal analysis of cellulose synthesis during cell plate formation in Arabidopsis

2013 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien Miart ◽  
Thierry Desprez ◽  
Eric Biot ◽  
Halima Morin ◽  
Katia Belcram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Plate ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Cell Plate Formation ◽  
Plate Formation ◽  
Spatio Temporal

scholarly journals A putative TRAPPII tethering factor is required for cell plate assembly during cytokinesis in Arabidopsis

2010 ◽  
Vol 187 (3) ◽  
pp. 751-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emad Jaber ◽  
Knut Thiele ◽  
Viktoria Kindzierski ◽  
Christoph Loderer ◽  
Katarzyna Rybak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Plate ◽  
Plate Assembly

Herbicides that inhibit cellulose biosynthesis

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 757-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Sabba ◽  
Kevin C. Vaughn
Keyword(s):  
Cell Plate ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Cellulose Biosynthesis ◽  
Suspension Cells ◽  
Plate Formation ◽  
Significant Chemical ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Microtubule Function

The cellulose-biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI) herbicides all selectively inhibit the synthesis of cellulose despite significant chemical differences. With the exception of quinclorac, they are most effective in inhibiting cellulose synthesis in dicot plants. Dichlobenil and isoxaben are the oldest and best studied of these herbicides, whereas flupoxam is a more recent introduction and acts in many ways similarly to isoxaben. Quinclorac is unusual in that it seems to act as a cellulose inhibitor in grasses but as an auxinic herbicide in dicots. These herbicides inhibit cell plate formation at one of two relatively late stages without affecting microtubule function. The effects of dichlobenil are different from other CBI herbicides; dichlobenil inhibits cellulose synthesis but promotes callose synthesis in its place. Suspension cells of bothLycopersicon esculentumandNicotiana tabacumcan become habituated to normally inhibitory concentrations of dichlobenil or isoxaben by replacing the normal cellulose network in their walls with pectin and extensin. Natural resistance to CBI herbicides is rare and has only been found in red algae species.Arabidopsislines produced by mutagenesis all share changes in active site rather than alterations in uptake, translocation, or metabolism of these herbicides. The lack of cross-resistance to different CBI herbicides of these mutants indicates that no fewer than three different sites in the cellulose biosynthesis pathway are affected by the different herbicides in this class.

Single molecule optical diffraction: A tool for understanding the structure of triple stranded left-hand helical cellulose

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 1024-1025
Author(s):  
George C. Ruben ◽  
William Krakow
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Helical Structure ◽  
Optical Diffraction ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

Tobacco primary cell wall and normal bacterial Acetobacter xylinum cellulose formation produced a 36.8±3Å triple-stranded left-hand helical microfibril in freeze-dried Pt-C replicas and in negatively stained preparations for TEM. As three submicrofibril strands exit the wall of Axylinum , they twist together to form a left-hand helical microfibril. This process is driven by the left-hand helical structure of the submicrofibril and by cellulose synthesis. That is, as the submicrofibril is elongating at the wall, it is also being left-hand twisted and twisted together with two other submicrofibrils. The submicrofibril appears to have the dimensions of a nine (l-4)-ß-D-glucan parallel chain crystalline unit whose long, 23Å, and short, 19Å, diagonals form major and minor left-handed axial surface ridges every 36Å.The computer generated optical diffraction of this model and its corresponding image have been compared. The submicrofibril model was used to construct a microfibril model. This model and corresponding microfibril images have also been optically diffracted and comparedIn this paper we compare two less complex microfibril models. The first model (Fig. 1a) is constructed with cylindrical submicrofibrils. The second model (Fig. 2a) is also constructed with three submicrofibrils but with a single 23 Å diagonal, projecting from a rounded cross section and left-hand helically twisted, with a 36Å repeat, similar to the original model (45°±10° crossover angle). The submicrofibrils cross the microfibril axis at roughly a 45°±10° angle, the same crossover angle observed in microflbril TEM images. These models were constructed so that the maximum diameter of the submicrofibrils was 23Å and the overall microfibril diameters were similar to Pt-C coated image diameters of ∼50Å and not the actual diameter of 36.5Å. The methods for computing optical diffraction patterns have been published before.

Structural aspects of tracheary element differentiation in suspension cultures of Zinnia elegans

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 768-769
Author(s):  
C. H. Haigler ◽  
A. W. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Tracheary Element ◽  
Vesicle Fusion ◽  
Zinnia Elegans ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Tracheary Elements ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Fixation Techniques ◽  
Localized Patterns ◽  
Structural Aspects

Tracheary elements, the water-conducting cells in plants, are characterized by their reinforced walls that became thickened in localized patterns during differentiation (Fig. 1). The synthesis of this localized wall involves abundant secretion of Golgi vesicles that export preformed matrix polysaccharides and putative proteins involved in cellulose synthesis. Since the cells are not growing, some kind of endocytotic process must also occur. Many researchers have commented on where exocytosis occurs in relation to the thickenings (for example, see), but they based their interpretations on chemical fixation techniques that are not likely to provide reliable information about rapid processes such as vesicle fusion. We have used rapid freezing to more accurately assess patterns of vesicle fusion in tracheary elements. We have also determined the localization of calcium, which is known to regulate vesicle fusion in plant and animal cells.Mesophyll cells were obtained from immature first leaves of Zinnia elegans var. Envy (Park Seed Co., Greenwood, S.C.) and cultured as described previously with the following exceptions: (a) concentration of benzylaminopurine in the culture medium was reduced to 0.2 mg/l and myoinositol was eliminated; and (b) 1.75ml cultures were incubated in 22 x 90mm shell vials with 112rpm rotary shaking. Cells that were actively involved in differentiation were harvested and frozen in solidifying Freon as described previously. Fractures occurred preferentially at the cell/planchet interface, which allowed us to find some excellently-preserved cells in the replicas. Other differentiating cells were incubated for 20-30 min in 10(μM CTC (Sigma), an antibiotic that fluoresces in the presence of membrane-sequestered calcium. They were observed in an Olympus BH-2 microscope equipped for epi-fluorescence (violet filter package and additional Zeiss KP560 barrier filter to block chlorophyll autofluorescence).

Confocal microscopy of the cytoskeleton in living plant cells following microinjection of fluorescent probes

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 130-131
Author(s):  
Ann Cleary
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Fluorescent Probes ◽  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Cell Cortex ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Rhodamine Phalloidin

Microinjection of fluorescent probes into living plant cells reveals new aspects of cell structure and function. Microtubules and actin filaments are dynamic components of the cytoskeleton and are involved in cell growth, division and intracellular transport. To date, cytoskeletal probes used in microinjection studies have included rhodamine-phalloidin for labelling actin filaments and fluorescently labelled animal tubulin for incorporation into microtubules. From a recent study of Tradescantia stamen hair cells it appears that actin may have a role in defining the plane of cell division. Unlike microtubules, actin is present in the cell cortex and delimits the division site throughout mitosis. Herein, I shall describe actin, its arrangement and putative role in cell plate placement, in another material, living cells of Tradescantia leaf epidermis.The epidermis is peeled from the abaxial surface of young leaves usually without disruption to cytoplasmic streaming or cell division. The peel is stuck to the base of a well slide using 0.1% polyethylenimine and bathed in a solution of 1% mannitol +/− 1 mM probenecid.

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