scholarly journals A STATISTICAL APPROACH FOR OPTIMIZING THE HIGH YIELD GREEN PRODUCTION OF THE FLAVOR ESTER BUTYL BUTYRATE

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida Nurhazwani Abd Rahman ◽  
Fatin Myra Abd Manan ◽  
Nur Haziqah Che Marzuki ◽  
Naji A. Mahat ◽  
Nursyafreena Attan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
Chemical Route ◽  
Butyl Butyrate ◽  
Novozyme 435 ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Green Production ◽  
Percentage Conversion

Being the prevailing approach for producing esters such as butyl butyrate, the use of chemical route has been linked to numerous disadvantages. Hence, a green alternative method for higher yield production of butyl butyrate by esterification reaction utilizing Novozyme 435 as biocatalysts in a solvent-less system may prove useful. Such approach can be further improved by optimizing the relevant reaction parameters using the Response Surface Methodology by the Box-Benkhen Design attempted in this present study. The reaction parameters evaluated were: substrate molar ratio, time and temperature, and the response of each parameter was measured as percentage conversion yield. Using the Design Expert 7.1.6 optimization functions, the two sets of optimum conditions selected viz. [i] molar ratio butyric acid:butanol 1:3.93, 9.93 h at 56.09°C and [ii] molar ratio butyric acid:butanol 1:3.35, 9.79 h at 53.90°C had afforded the highest yield of butyl butyrate i.e. 99.62% and 99.55%, respectively. The ester product obtained from the reaction were confirmed as butyl butyrate by FTIR and GC. Therefore, the results substantiated the applicability of the RSM prediction technique as well as efficacy of Novozyme 435 as biocatalysts in the high yield solvent-less synthesis of butyl butyrate, adhering to the philosophy of Green Chemistry.

Experimental and Modeling Study of Esterification Reaction for Synthesis of Butyl Butyrate: Desirability Function Approach for Optimization and Prediction Comparative Study of RSM and ANN

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrakant R. Khudsange ◽  
Kailas L. Wasewar
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Desirability Function ◽  
Function Approach ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Relative Significance ◽  
Butyl Butyrate ◽  
Unseen Data ◽  
Desirability Function Approach

Abstract Butyl butyrate was synthesized by esterification of butyric acid with n-butanol using homogeneous catalyst methanesulfonic acid (MSA). The esterification process was optimized by the application of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). 3 level-4 variables central composite design (CCD) of RSM and MLP 4-9-1 network of ANN was chosen for the experimental design and analysis. The quadratic response model of RSM was optimized using desirability function approach. Effects of independent variables on the yield of butyl butyrate were investigated. Various training algorithm such as IBP, QP, GA, LM, BFGS, and CG was used for training experimental response data for the ANN study. By sensitivity analysis, the relative significance of 36.98 % confirmed that the molar ratio was the main affecting parameter on the yield of butyl butyrate. In prediction comparative study, ANN model was found better than the RSM model with high values of R2 (0.9998) and lower values of RMSE (0.2435), SEP (0.324 %), and AAD (0.0086 %) compared to RSM (R2=0.9862, RMSE=2.3095, SEP=3.076 %, AAD=0.6459 %). The accuracy of the RSM and ANN models were judged by validation test by performing unseen data experiments.

scholarly journals Catalytic benzylation of isomeric xylenes with benzyl alcohol in the presence of sulfuric acid

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
AA Rana ◽  
M Kamruzzaman ◽  
M Saha
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Benzyl Alcohol ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Reaction Parameters

Benzylation of isomeric xylenes with benzyl alcohol in the presence of sulfuric acid as catalyst was studied and benzyl xylenes obtained in high yield. The effects of the variation of reaction parameters such as temperature, molar ratio of xylene to benzyl alcohol, amount of sulfuric acid and time of reactions were investigated. The yield of the products increased with the increase of each of the above-mentioned parameters. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i1.15417 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(1), 75-80, 2013

Free Candida Rugosa Lipase–Catalyzed Synthesis Of Citronellyl Butyrate In n–Hexane By Direct Esterification: Effect Of Reaction Parameters

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irvan Dahlan ◽  
Azlina Harun @ Kamaruddin ◽  
Ghasem D. Najafpour
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Candida Rugosa ◽  
Candida Rugosa Lipase ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
Direct Esterification ◽  
Competitive Nature

Sintesis sitronelil butirat melalui pengesteran langsung telah dikaji di dalam n–hexane sebagai pelarut organik yang dimangkinkan oleh lipase bebas dan lipase tersekatgerak daripada Candida rugosa. Kajian telah dijalankan untuk mengesahkan pengaruh pelbagai parameter pada pembentukan sitronelil butirat oleh lipase bebas daripada Candida rugosa, iaitu kesan kepekatan lipase, nisbah molar substrat, suhu, tiga jenis bahan sokongan untuk lipase tersekatgerak dan nisbah sekatgerak. Peningkatan kepekatan lipase bebas menyebabkan peningkatan kepada penukaran asid. Sifat peningkatan tidak berubah dari tindak balas pengesteran dapat diperhatikan pada kepekatan lipase tinggi yang memberikan kepekatan optimum lipase pada 3.33 g/l dengan penukaran asid sebanyak 92%. Kemungkinan ini disebabkan oleh tapak aktif lipase yang berlebihan yang berada di dalam zarah lipase pukal, yang tidak memberi sumbangan bererti kepada tindak balas. Aktiviti lipase didapati terencat dengan bertambahnya kepekatan asid butirik (pada kepekatan sitronelol tetap) dan sitronelol (pada kepekatan asid butirik tetap). Ini disebabkan adanya persaingan semulajadi pengikatan alkohol dan asid. Penukaran asid optimum diperolehi pada suhu 40°C selepas 24 jam pengeraman. Bagaimanapun, atas dari suhu ini, aktiviti pengesteran yang dimangkinkan oleh lipase mula menurun kerana penyahaslian protein. Daripada tiga jenis sokongan yang digunakan untuk lipase tersekatgerak, Amberlite MB–1 menunjukkan penukaran asid tertinggi berbanding dengan Amberlite XAD–1180 dan Celite 545. Penukaran asid optimum diperolehi pada nisbah sekatgerak 10 mg lipase/g penyokong. Pada nisbah sekatgerak ini, lipase mengoptimumkan sentuhan dengan permukaan penyokong dengan mengekalkan konformasi yang aktif pada tahap optimum. Kata kunci: Sitronelil butirat; lipase Candida rugosa; pengesteran langsung; lipase tersekatgerak; pelarut organik Free and immobilized Candida rugosa lipases were investigated for the synthesis of citronellyl butyrate by direct esterification reaction in n–hexane as organic solvent. A set of experiments was carried out to verify the influence of various parameters on the formation of citronellyl butyrate by free Candida rugosa lipase, such as lipase loading, substrate molar ratio, temperature, three kinds of support for immobilization, and ratio of immobilization. The conversion was increased with increasing lipase loading. The behavior of leveling–off in esterification was observed at higher lipase loading which gave the optimal amount of lipase loading at 3.33 g/l with 92% conversion. This might be due to the excess of lipase active sites, which remained inside the bulk of lipase particles, was not contributing significantly to the reaction. Increasing butyric acid and citronellol concentrations (at fixed citronellol and butyric acid concentrations, respectively) inhibited the lipase activity due to competitive nature of alcohol and acid binding. Optimal acid conversion was obtained at 40°C after 24–h incubation time. Above this temperature, however, the activity of lipase–catalyzed esterification begins to decrease due to denaturation of protein. From the three kinds of supports for immobilized lipase, Amberlite MB–1 showed the highest conversion compared to Amberlite XAD–1180 and Celite 545. The optimal acid conversion was obtained at lipase loading of 10 mg lipase/g support. At this loading, lipase attempts to optimize its contact with the surface of the support whereby optimum active conformation was retained. Key words: Citronellyl butyrate; Candida rugosa lipase; direct esterification; immobilized lipase; organic media

scholarly journals Optimization of process conditions for catalytic alkylation of isomeric cresols with cyclohexene

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
Mohammad Kamruzzaman ◽  
Ashequl Alam Rana ◽  
Manoranjan Saha
Keyword(s):  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimum Yield ◽  
Catalytic Alkylation ◽  
Time Of Reaction

Alkylation of isomeric cresols with cyclohexene in presence of perchloric acid as catalyst was studied and cyclohexyl cresols obtained in high yield. The effects of the variation of reaction parameters such as temperature, molar ratio of cresol to cyclohexene, amount of perchloric acid and time of reaction were investigated. The yield of the products increased with the increase of each of the above-mentioned parameters. Optimum yield (97.6% for cyclohexyl m-cresol; 95.4% for 2-cyclohexyl-4-methylphenol and 91.2% for cyclohexyl o-cresol) of the products were obtained under the reaction conditions of a temperature of 140ºC; an 8-6:1 molar ratio of cresol to cyclohexene, a 5% by weight perchloric acid of cresol, a 2 h time of addition of cyclohexene and a 2 h time of stirring of the reaction mixture. Considering the yields of cyclohexyl cresols and ease of purifications, the above mentioned conditions were accounted as optimum for the alkylation of isomeric cresols with cyclohexene in the presence of perchloric acid.   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v47i2.11446   Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 47(2), 153-160, 2012  

Polymer-Bound Triphenylphosphine and 4,4′-Dinitroazobenzene as a Coupling Reagents for Chromatography-Free Esterification Reaction

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1024-1031
Author(s):  
Diparjun Das ◽  
Kalyani Rajkumari ◽  
Lalthazuala Rokhum
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Triphenylphosphine Oxide ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Sustainable Chemistry ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Coupling Reagent ◽  
Simple Filtration ◽  
Esterification Reactions

Aim and Objective: Sustainable production of fine chemicals both in industries and pharmaceuticals heavily depends on the application of solid-phase synthesis route coupled with microwave technologies due to their environmentally benign nature. In this report, a microwave-assisted esterification reaction using polymer-bound triphenylphosphine and 4,4′-dinitroazobenzene reagent system was investigated. Materials and Methods: The solvents were obtained from Merck India. Polymer-bound triphenylphosphine (~3 mmol triphenylphosphine moiety/g) was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich. The progress of the reaction was observed by thin-layer chromatography. All the reactions were performed in Milestones StartSYNTH microwave. The NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker Avance III 300, 400, and 500 MHz FT NMR Spectrometers. Using azo compound and polymer-bound triphenyl phosphine as a coupling reagent, esterification of different carboxylic acids with alcohols was performed under microwave irradiation. Results: Esterification of benzoic acid with 1-propanol under microwave irradiation gave a high yield of 92% propyl benzoate in 60 minutes only. Isolation of the ester products was relatively simple as both the byproducts polymer-bound triphenylphosphine oxide and hydrazine could be removed by simple filtration. The rates of reactions were found to be directly proportional to the pKa of the benzoic acids. Conclusion: 4,4′-Dinitroazobenzene was introduced as a novel coupling reagent, in conjugation with polymer-bound triphenylphosphine, for esterification reactions under microwave irradiation. The low moisture sensitivity of the reaction system, easy separation of the byproducts, and column chromatographyfree isolation of esters help our methods with application significance, particularly from the ‘Sustainable Chemistry’ perspective.

scholarly journals Review: Managing sheep and goats for sustainable high yield production

animal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 100293
Author(s):  
J. Simões ◽  
J.A. Abecia ◽  
A. Cannas ◽  
J.A. Delgadillo ◽  
D. Lacasta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Yield ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
High Yield Production

scholarly journals High‐Yield Production, Characterization, and Functionalization of Recombinant Magnetosomes in the Synthetic Bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum “magneticum”

2021 ◽  
pp. 2101017
Author(s):  
Frank Mickoleit ◽  
Sabine Rosenfeldt ◽  
Mauricio Toro‐Nahuelpan ◽  
Miroslava Schaffer ◽  
Anna S. Schenk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhodospirillum Rubrum ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
High Yield Production

scholarly journals Promising Immobilization of Industrial-Class Phospholipase A1 to Attain High-Yield Phospholipids Hydrolysis and Repeated Use with Optimal Water Content in Water-in-Oil Microemulsion Phase

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1456
Author(s):  
Yusuke Hayakawa ◽  
Ryoichi Nakayama ◽  
Norikazu Namiki ◽  
Masanao Imai
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Initial Reaction Rate ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Phospholipase A1 ◽  
Repeated Use

In this study, we maximized the reactivity of phospholipids hydrolysis with immobilized industrial-class phospholipase A1 (PLA1) at the desired water content in the water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion phase. The optimal hydrophobic-hydrophilic condition of the reaction media in a hydrophobic enzyme reaction is critical to realize the maximum yields of enzyme activity of phospholipase A1. It was attributed to enzymes disliking hydrophobic surroundings as a special molecular structure for reactivity. Immobilization of PLA1 was successfully achieved with the aid of a hydrophobic carrier (Accurel MP100) combination with the treatment using glutaraldehyde. The immobilized yield was over 90% based on simple adsorption. The hydrolysis reaction was kinetically investigated through the effect of glutaraldehyde treatment of carrier and water content in the W/O microemulsion phase. The initial reaction rate increased linearly with an increasing glutaraldehyde concentration and then leveled off over a 6% glutaraldehyde concentration. The initial reaction rate, which was predominantly driven by the water content in the organic phase, changed according to a typical bell-shaped curve with respect to the molar ratio of water to phospholipid. It behaved in a similar way with different glutaraldehyde concentrations. After 10 cycles of repeated use, the reactivity was well sustained at 40% of the initial reaction rate and the creation of the final product. Accumulated yield after 10 times repetition was sufficient for industrial applications. Immobilized PLA1 has demonstrated potential as a biocatalyst for the production of phospholipid biochemicals.

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