One-bath one-step dyeing of polyester/cotton (PC) blends fabric with disperse dyes after acetylation of cotton

Aiming at the classic problem of dyeing of polyester–cotton blended fabric one-bath one-step dyeing of PC blends with disperse dye after surface modification of cotton were studied. Surface modification of cotton was carried out using fibrous acetylation methods. The optimum value for surface modification was obtained with a concentration of acetylation agent 16% and time of reaction 2.5 h, gave a percent acetylation of 34. Surface chemistry and thermal decomposition were studied by using FTIR spectra and TGA. The tear strength crease recovery, pilling and abrasion resistance were evaluated. The experiment result of dyeing showed that the optimum value was obtained with dye concentration above 1% at a temperature of 120 °C warp tensile strength decreased by 12% and weft tensile strength was decreased by 9% from the control half-bleached fabric. Results of this study showed that one-step one bath dyed modified PC blend with disperse dye fabric presents good fastness property and color strength values compared with conventional two-bath dyed fabric.

Synthesis, Characterization and Photo Degradation Studies of New Mixed Ligand Transition Metal Complexes of Mefenamic Acid and Glutamine

Dentate ligands 2-[(2,3-dimethylphenyl)amino]benzoic acid (Mefenamic acid ) and 2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid(glutamine) were used as bidentate Lewis base to prepare solid complexes with Molybdenum (V), Tungsten (V)) and Lanthanum(III). The Photo degradation study was achieved for the complexes solutions in methanol. The prepared complexes were characterized by using spectroscopy methods like FTIR, UV-visible, Melting points and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy were calculated for all complexes. Furthermore the molar conductance of 0.001 M solutions in acetonitrile and magnetic susceptibility were performed to elucidate the proposed geometry and structures of prepared complexes. Magnetic susceptibility displayed that complexes had not diamagnetic properties. Photo kinetic study was done for La and Mo Complexes to study the photo sensitivity of prepared complexes. Half time of the complexes` photo reaction were achieved and order of reactions were calculated which appear that photo reaction of LaIII complex was from the first order and constant of reaction was calculated (1.62x10-2) min-1 and half time of reaction was (62.112) min. Also, order reaction of Mo (III) complex was from first order too, the value of constant of reaction was (1.88 min-1) and half time of reaction was (26.6) min. TGA analysis of MoIII was done.

Cognitive form of social norms: a survey experiment

In the minds of members of society, social norms can exist in various forms. In their most general form, they are logical rules if, then. The theoretical framework most often used to study social norms is the focus theory of normative conduct which divides this logical rule into two types of norms - descriptive (the majority does this) and injunctive (I should do this). It is not known which of these three possible forms prevails (is most common or fundamental) in the minds of members of society, and this question should be answered empirically, for instance, by measuring the time of reaction to different descriptions of a social norm. If the description corresponds to the cognitive form of the norm, the reaction should be faster, since it takes less time and resources to compare and interpret wordings. The article presents the results of an experimental study of the cognitive accessibility of social norms in mass survey based on the method of split-ballot which implies the presentation of different versions of the questionnaire to randomly selected subsamples. The survey consisted of 10 questions about attitudes to social norms in a particular situation: half of situations described a common norm, half - a violation of the norm. Each situation was described in three ways: implication (if, then), common behavior, and imperative. The main measured variable was not the answers but the time for providing them. The results showed no statistically significant differences in timing of reactions to different forms of situation descriptions. Thus, the main result of the study is that three possible cognitive forms of social norms turn out to be equal, with no signs of prevalence or greater fundamentality. This can be explained in two ways: first, each cognitive form can use its own independent mechanism of actualization; second, the true cognitive form can differ from all three (for example, a non-verbal representation of actions). The choice between these two explanations requires further research.

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Thermochemical Treatment for the Liquefaction of Lemon Bagasse in a Jacketed Vessel

In this work, it was investigated the time evolution of thermal profile inside a liquefaction vessel and how the temperature and time of reaction influenced liquefaction yield. Liquefaction was performed in two different ways: (1) Experimental Analysis; (2) Numerical 3-D model, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Liquefaction was performed using lemon bagasse samples, glycerol and sulphuric acid, as catalyst. Temperature and liquefaction Yield (LY) were measured for different time of reaction (30, 60 and 90 minutes). From experimental data, LY were higher than 70 wt% for 90 minutes reaction. The increase in the temperature inside the reactor occurred due to the conduction and natural convection phenomena. Although the jacketed vessel was fed with steam at 125°C, working conditions allowed the heating of the mixture to less than 100°C. CFD thermal profile was in accordance with experimental data. They showed it was necessary 60 minutes to achieve a steady state of heating in the mixture inside this liquefaction vessel. From CFD transient simulations, it was observed some oscillations and detachment from experimental data, which may be due to changes in fluids properties along the process. Despite this consideration CFD could satisfactory analyse heat transfer in this liquefaction process.

Kinetics Study of Acid Catalyzed Degradation of Glucose in High-Temperature Liquid Water

Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide in nature, glucose obtained from cellulose and starch, it is many used to degradation process, and for the production of several organic compounds, one of the degradation products of glucose is an HMF (5-hydroxymethylfurfural). HMF is a platform chemical, which can be converted into several chemical and liquid fuels through hydrogenation, oxidation, and esterification. The objective of this researches has studied the kinetics of glucose degradation using acid-catalyzed (H2SO4) in high-temperature liquid water and observe the effect of acid concentration and temperature on degradation of glucose to HMF. In this research was used reactor with pressure 10 atm, with variation time of reaction, sulfuric acid concentration, and temperature of the reaction. From this research found kinetics of glucose degradation was followed by the first-order reaction in each variable. Activation Energy (Ea) values were 7306,593 J/mol; 6341,59 J/mol; 3988,14 J/mol and 3988,14 J/mol on the concentration sulfuric acid 0,05M; 0,1 M; 0,05M, from that result indicated that reaction rate was increase when activation energy was decrease this was related to Arrhenius equation. The effect of acid concentration on degradation glucose was the higher acid concentration used, the more glucose was degraded, and more HMF was formed. Meanwhile, the effect of temperature of reaction on degradation glucose was the higher temperature of the reaction, more glucose was degraded, and more HMF was formed. The highest value of HMF was in operation condition of concentration H2SO4 0,5 M at 175°C, with a time of reaction 120 minutes. However, the reduction rate of glucose was not equal to the rate of formation of HMF (5-hydroxymethylfurfural), it can be indicated that HMF (5-hydroxymethylfurfural) was not the only product of degradation of glucose, but the others product might be formed from this operating condition. The other product that might be formed was humin and levulinic acid.

Predictive Modelling and Surface Analysis for Optimization of Production of Biofuel as A Renewable Energy Resource: Proposition of Artificial Neural Network Search

The present study undertakes the research problem on the optimization of production of biodiesel as a renewable energy resource from the transesterification of soybean oil and ethanol. Predictive modelling and surface analysis techniques were applied based on the artificial neural network search algorithm to correlate the yield of ethyl ester and glycerol and the input parameters. The formulated models accurately predicted the yield of the products with a high coefficient of determination. When the reaction time is low, the ester yield decreases with an increase in temperature and the maximum yield of obtained biodiesel at a very low value of time of reaction and temperature. Plots based on parametric and sensitivity analysis reveals that the yield of ethyl ester can be maximized and that of glycerol minimized at an integrated condition with lower ethanol/oil molar ratio, higher temperature value, higher catalyst concentration value, and longer time of reaction. The global sensitivity analysis reveals that the catalyst concentration and temperature of the reaction influence the yield of ethyl ester the most. In addition, an optimal ethyl ester yield of 95% can be achieved at specific input conditions. Moreover, according to the results of global sensitivity analysis, the catalyst concentration is found to be most significant for both the glycerol and ethyl ester yield.

Enhancement of Mercury Removal by Utilizing Catalytic Chelation Technique

Discharge of heavy metals released from industries has adverse effects on the environment. The development of a method that can safely remove heavy metals is still challenging. Therefore, the aim of this study is to propose catalytic chelation technique for the removal of mercury (Hg). Removal of Hg was carried out using the sodium acetate (CH3COONa) as the chelating agent and catalyzed by the heterogeneous alumina supported calcium oxide (CaO/Al2O3). The optimization was performed by applying the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with the pH ranging from 7 to 10, a dosage of chelating agent from 400 ppm to 600 ppm, temperature from 33.5 to 37.5 oC, and time of reaction from 1 to 5 h. Hg content analysis was carried out using Flow Injection Mercury System based on cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the presence of active sites on the catalyst. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analysis represented the formation of homogeneous particles on the catalyst surface. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), and Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the surface area, the elemental composition, and functional groups of the catalyst, respectively. Moreover, the proposed method successfully achieved ±99 % of Hg removal.

Silver Nanoparticles Capped with p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid as a Colorimetric Sensor for the Determination of Paraquat

Highly stable silver nanoparticles capped with p-hydroxybenzoic acid were synthesized by reducing silver ion with p-hydroxybenzoic acid and used for the detection of paraquat. The synthesized silver nanoparticles, which are yellow, exhibited an absorption peak at 420 nm when measured with a UV-visible spectrophotometer due to the surface plasmon resonance. In the presence of paraquat, the color of silver nanoparticles changed from yellow to purple accompanied by the appearance of a new peak at 580 nm in addition to the peak at 420 nm. In order to obtain optimum experimental conditions, temperature, and time of reaction were optimized, and the ratio of absorbance obtained at 580 nm and 420 nm (A580/A420) were monitored. The A580/A420 is proportional to the concentration of paraquat. Under the most favorable condition, the calibration curve showed a high level of linearity ranging from 6.0 × 10–4 to 1.0 × 10–3 M, and the detection limit was found to be 8.30 × 10–6 M. Silver nanoparticles capped with p-hydroxybenzoic acid was found to be useful for the colorimetric determination of paraquat in the aqueous medium.

Pd-Catalyzed Cyclocarbonylation of Allylic Alcohol under Benign Conditions with Ionic Liquid as Stabilizer

Homogeneous palladium-catalyzed (Pd-catalyzed) cyclocarbonylation of unsaturated allylic alcohols and alkynols in the presence of hydrogen forms lactone products with important applications in the food, perfume, and polymer industry. In this work, the cyclocarbonylation of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol was studied for the first time using a very active Pd-DPEphos (bis[(2-diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether) catalyst in the presence of the ionic liquid (IL) [BMIM]Cl (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) in dichloromethane to selectively produce 4,4-dimethyl-γ-butyrolactone. The effect of different parameters such as temperature, gas partial pressures, time of reaction, substrate and ligand concentrations were investigated and found to provide optimal conditions for lactonization (95 °C, 28 bar (CO/H2/N2: 20/5/3)), 18 h, 0.1 M substrate, and 16 mol% DPEphos), which were significantly milder than previously reported systems for cyclocarbonylation. Importantly, the study further showed that presence of the IL in the reaction mixture provided stabilization of the catalyst system and prevented formation of Pd-black, which allowed reuse of the catalytic system in consecutive reactions after intermediate extraction of the lactone product.