scholarly journals Design Principles: Literature Review, Analysis, and Future Directions

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine K. Fu ◽  
Maria C. Yang ◽  
Kristin L. Wood

Design principles are created to codify and formalize design knowledge so that innovative, archival practices may be communicated and used to advance design science and solve future design problems, especially the pinnacle, wicked, and grand-challenge problems that face the world and cross-cutting markets. Principles are part of a family of knowledge explication, which also include guidelines, heuristics, rules of thumb, and strategic constructs. Definitions of a range of explications are explored from a number of seminal papers. Based on this analysis, the authors pose formalized definitions for the three most prevalent terms in the literature—principles, guidelines, and heuristics—and draw more definitive distinctions between the terms. Current research methods and practices with design principles are categorized and characterized. We further explore research methodologies, validation approaches, semantic principle composition through computational analysis, and a proposed formal approach to articulating principles. In analyzing the methodology for discovering, deriving, formulating, and validating design principles, the goal is to understand and advance the theoretical basis of design, the foundations of new tools and techniques, and the complex systems of the future. Suggestions for the future of design principles research methodology for added rigor and repeatability are proposed.

Author(s):  
Katherine K. Fu ◽  
Maria C. Yang ◽  
Kristin L. Wood

Design principles are created to codify and formalize design knowledge so that innovative, archival practices may be communicated and used to advance design science and solve future design problems, especially the pinnacle, wicked, and grand-challenge problems that face the world and cross-cutting markets. Principles are part of a family of knowledge explication, which also include guidelines, heuristics, rules of thumb, and strategic constructs. Definitions including a range of explications are explored from a number of seminal papers. Based on this analysis, the authors pose formalized definitions for the three most prevalent terms in the literature — principles, guidelines, and heuristics. Current research methods and practices with design principles are categorized and characterized. In analyzing the methodology for discovering, deriving, formulating and validating design principles, the goal is to understand and advance the theoretical basis of design, the foundations of new tools and techniques, and the complex systems of the future. Suggestions for the future of design principles research methodology for added rigor and repeatability are proposed.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-Ling Jia ◽  
Rong-Guo Ma ◽  
Zhi-Hua Hu

This paper provides a comprehensive review of urban transportation network design problems according to CiteSpace, including main problem classifications, mathematical models, and solution methods obtained from CiteSpace clusters. The review attempts to present the systematic picture of urban transportation network design and show the future directions of it.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
Winta adhitia Guspara

ABSTRACTThe existence of products (artifacts) was not a major element in the design paradigm. Product is like tools to help for designing scenarios, realizing the future, and building design knowledge. Planning and making of a product should have an interconnection between the user, product and environment (e.g. space, social, ecological). Accordingly, three main aspects work on the interconnection of product existence. First is the "action" aspect that the product created when changing user behavior. The second is the aspect of "matter" which talks about functions and purpose to meet user needs. The third is the aspect of "limitation" that arises when every limitation, need, and behavior meets each other. There is one important thing in that discourse, which is how the three aspects (i.e. action, matter, limitation) work and they are interconnected to build of the three design goals (i.e. scenario, future, design knowledge). The fundamental problem for product development was the gap between design theory and design practice. This situation occurs because the development of a product has been moving from the past and present until the future. The issue of conditions and time could not be done through sketches, visual images or also involving tinkering processes involving components and materials. Relied on that, this article invites us to discuss design in a frame of mind called design science. The background of this discussion is an activity, process and design thinking that takes place and address product design students when developing a product. The goals to be achieved through this article is to get compatible design knowledge between the theory (head) and practical aspects (hands).Design Science: Pendekatan untuk Membangun Cara Berpikir Desain bagi Mahasiswa ABSTRAK Keberadaan produk (artifak) bukan merupakan unsur utama dalam paradigma desain. Produk lebih merupakan alat untuk merancang skenario, mewujudkan masa depan, dan membangun pengetahuan desain. Perancangan dan pembuatan sebuah produk harus dapat menghubungkan antara pengguna, produk dan lingkungan (e.g. ruang, sosial, ekologi). Berdasar hal tersebut, terdapat tiga aspek utama yang bekerja pada hubungan keberadaan produk. Pertama yaitu aspek “action” yang ditimbulkan oleh produk ketika merubah perilaku pengguna. Kedua ialah aspek “matter” yang berbicara mengenai fungsi dan tujuan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pengguna. Ketiga ialah aspek “limitation” yang muncul ketika setiap keterbatasan, kebutuhan, dan perilaku saling bertemu. Terdapat satu perkara penting dalam wacana di atas yaitu bagaimana ketiga aspek (action, matter, limitation) bekerja dan saling terhubung untuk membangun ketiga tujuan desain (skenario, masa depan, pengetahuan desain). Masalah mendasar untuk pengembangan produk adalah kesenjangan antara teori desain dan praktik desain. Situasi ini terjadi karena pengembangan suatu produk bergerak pada masa lalu, sekarang, dan kedepan. Persoalan kondisi dan waktu ini tidak bisa hanya dilakukan melalui sketsa, gambar visual atau juga melibatkan proses utak-atik yang melibatkan komponen dan bahan. Berdasar pada hal itu, maka artikel ini mengajak untuk membahas desain dalam sebuah kerangka pemikiran yang disebut sebagai design science. Latar belakang pembahasan yang digunakan ialah aktivitas, proses dan berpikir desain yang berlangsung pada mahasiswa ketika melakukan pengembangan sebuah produk. Hasil yang ingin dicapai melalui artikel ini ialah mendapatkan pengetahuan desain yang kompatibel antara teori (kepala) dan aspek praktis (tangan).


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 223-244
Author(s):  
Jiaying Xie ◽  
Yiliang Jin ◽  
Kelong Fan ◽  
Xiyun Yan

AbstractArtificial nanorobot is a type of robots designed for executing complex tasks at nanoscale. The nanorobot system is typically consisted of four systems, including logic control, driving, sensing and functioning. Considering the subtle structure and complex functionality of nanorobot, the manufacture of nanorobots requires designable, controllable and multi-functional nanomaterials. Here, we propose that nanozyme is a promising candidate for fabricating nanorobots due to its unique properties, including flexible designs, controllable enzyme-like activities, and nano-sized physicochemical characters. Nanozymes may participate in one system or even combine several systems of nanorobots. In this review, we summarize the advances on nanozyme-based systems for fabricating nanorobots, and prospect the future directions of nanozyme for constructing nanorobots. We hope that the unique properties of nanozymes will provide novel ideas for designing and fabricating nanorobotics.


Eye ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sana Hamid ◽  
Parul Desai ◽  
Pirro Hysi ◽  
Jennifer M. Burr ◽  
Anthony P. Khawaja

AbstractEffective population screening for glaucoma would enable earlier diagnosis and prevention of irreversible vision loss. The UK National Screening Committee (NSC) recently published a review that examined the viability, effectiveness and appropriateness of a population-based screening programme for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). In our article, we summarise the results of the review and discuss some future directions that may enable effective population screening for glaucoma in the future. Two key questions were addressed by the UK NSC review; is there a valid, accurate screening test for POAG, and does evidence exist that screening reduces morbidity from POAG compared with standard care. Six new studies were identified since the previous 2015 review. The review concluded that screening for glaucoma in adults is not recommended because there is no clear evidence for a sufficiently accurate screening test or for better outcomes with screening compared to current care. The next UK NSC review is due to be conducted in 2023. One challenge for POAG screening is that the relatively low disease prevalence results in too many false-positive referrals, even with an accurate test. In the future, targeted screening of a population subset with a higher prevalence of glaucoma may be effective. Recent developments in POAG polygenic risk prediction and deep learning image analysis offer potential avenues to identifying glaucoma-enriched sub-populations. Until such time, opportunistic case finding through General Ophthalmic Services remains the primary route for identification of glaucoma in the UK and greater public awareness of the service would be of benefit.


Information ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Johannes Ossig ◽  
Stephanie Cramer ◽  
Klaus Bengler

In the human-centered research on automated driving, it is common practice to describe the vehicle behavior by means of terms and definitions related to non-automated driving. However, some of these definitions are not suitable for this purpose. This paper presents an ontology for automated vehicle behavior which takes into account a large number of existing definitions and previous studies. This ontology is characterized by an applicability for various levels of automated driving and a clear conceptual distinction between characteristics of vehicle occupants, the automation system, and the conventional characteristics of a vehicle. In this context, the terms ‘driveability’, ‘driving behavior’, ‘driving experience’, and especially ‘driving style’, which are commonly associated with non-automated driving, play an important role. In order to clarify the relationships between these terms, the ontology is integrated into a driver-vehicle system. Finally, the ontology developed here is used to derive recommendations for the future design of automated driving styles and in general for further human-centered research on automated driving.


2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 10196-10201
Author(s):  
Hans-Jürgen Buxbaum ◽  
Sumona Sen ◽  
Ruth Häusler

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Marina Kurbasic ◽  
Ana M. Garcia ◽  
Simone Viada ◽  
Silvia Marchesan

Bioactive hydrogels based on the self-assembly of tripeptides have attracted great interest in recent years. In particular, the search is active for sequences that are able to mimic enzymes when they are self-organized in a nanostructured hydrogel, so as to provide a smart catalytic (bio)material whose activity can be switched on/off with assembly/disassembly. Within the diverse enzymes that have been targeted for mimicry, hydrolases find wide application in biomaterials, ranging from their use to convert prodrugs into active compounds to their ability to work in reverse and catalyze a plethora of reactions. We recently reported the minimalistic l-His–d-Phe–d-Phe for its ability to self-organize into thermoreversible and biocatalytic hydrogels for esterase mimicry. In this work, we analyze the effects of terminus modifications that mimic the inclusion of the tripeptide in a longer sequence. Therefore, three analogues, i.e., N-acetylated, C-amidated, or both, were synthesized, purified, characterized by several techniques, and probed for self-assembly, hydrogelation, and esterase-like biocatalysis. This work provides useful insights into how chemical modifications at the termini affect self-assembly into biocatalytic hydrogels, and these data may become useful for the future design of supramolecular catalysts for enhanced performance.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document