A Semi-Analytical Method for Calculation of Strongly Nonlinear Normal Modes of Mechanical Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mahmoudkhani
Keyword(s):  
Internal Resonance ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Normal Modes ◽  
Nonlinear Normal Modes ◽  
Internal Resonances ◽  
Oscillatory Systems ◽  
Nonlinear Normal ◽  
Quadratic And Cubic Nonlinearities

A new scheme based on the homotopy analysis method (HAM) is developed for calculating the nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) of multi degrees-of-freedom (MDOF) oscillatory systems with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities. The NNMs in the presence of internal resonances can also be computed by the proposed method. The method starts by approximating the solution at the zeroth-order, using some few harmonics, and proceeds to higher orders to improve the approximation by automatically including higher harmonics. The capabilities and limitations of the method are thoroughly investigated by applying them to three nonlinear systems with different nonlinear behaviors. These include a two degrees-of-freedom (2DOF) system with cubic nonlinearities and one-to-three internal resonance that occurs on nonlinear frequencies at high amplitudes, a 2DOF system with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities having one-to-two internal resonance, and the discretized equations of motion of a cylindrical shell. The later one has internal resonance of one-to-one. Moreover, it has the symmetry property and its DOFs may oscillate with phase difference of 90 deg, leading to the traveling wave mode. In most cases, the estimated backbone curves are compared by the numerical solutions obtained by continuation of periodic orbits. The method is found to be accurate for reasonably high amplitude vibration especially when only cubic nonlinearities are present.

Modal Reduction of a Nonlinear Rotating Beam Through Nonlinear Normal Modes*

2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Pesheck ◽  
Christophe Pierre ◽  
Steven W. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Invariant Manifolds ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Normal Modes ◽  
Nonlinear Normal Modes ◽  
Nonlinear Coupling ◽  
Rotating Beam ◽  
Internal Resonances ◽  
Modal Expansion ◽  
Nonlinear Normal

A method for determining reduced-order models for rotating beams is presented. The approach is based on the construction of nonlinear normal modes that are defined in terms of invariant manifolds that exist for the system equations of motion. The beam considered is an idealized model for a rotor blade whose motions are dominated by transverse vibrations in the direction perpendicular to the plane of rotation (known as flapping). The mathematical model for the rotating beam is relatively simple, but contains the nonlinear coupling that exists between transverse and axial deflections. When one employs standard modal expansion or finite element techniques to this system, this nonlinearity causes slow convergence, leading to models that require many degrees of freedom in order to achieve accurate dynamical representations. In contrast, the invariant manifold approach systematically accounts for the nonlinear coupling between linear modes, thereby providing models with very few degrees of freedom that accurately capture the essential dynamics of the system. Models with one and two nonlinear modes are considered, the latter being able to handle systems with internal resonances. Simulation results are used to demonstrate the validity of the approach and to exhibit features of the nonlinear modal responses.

Model Reduction of a Nonlinear Rotating Beam Through Nonlinear Normal Modes

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Pesheck ◽  
C. Pierre ◽  
S. W. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equations ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations ◽  
Normal Modes ◽  
Nonlinear Normal Modes ◽  
Single Equation ◽  
Rotating Beam ◽  
Model Size ◽  
Nonlinear Normal

Abstract Equations of motion are developed for a rotating beam which is constrained to deform in the transverse (flapping) and axial directions. This process results in two coupled nonlinear partial differential equations which govern the attendant dynamics. These equations may be discretized through utilization of the classical normal modes of the nonrotating system in both the transverse and extensional directions. The resultant system may then be diagonalized to linear order and truncated to N nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Several methods are used to determine the model size necessary to ensure accuracy. Once the model size (N degrees of freedom) has been determined, nonlinear normal mode (NNM) theory is applied to reduce the system to a single equation, or a small set of equations, which accurately represent the dynamics of a mode, or set of modes, of interest. Results are presented which detail the convergence of the discretized model and compare its dynamics with those of the NNM-reduced model, as well as other reduced models. The results indicate a considerable improvement over other common reduction techniques, enabling the capture of many salient response features with the simulation of very few degrees of freedom.

Nonlinear Normal Modes of Buckled Beams: Three-to-One and One-to-One Internal Resonances

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali H. Nayfeh ◽  
Walter Lacarbonara ◽  
Char-Ming Chin
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Internal Resonance ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Normal Modes ◽  
Nonlinear Normal Modes ◽  
Internal Resonances ◽  
Buckling Mode ◽  
Stable Mode ◽  
One To One ◽  
Nonlinear Normal

Abstract Nonlinear normal modes of a buckled beam about its first buckling mode shape are investigated. Fixed-fixed boundary conditions are considered. The cases of three-to-one and one-to-one internal resonances are analyzed. Approximate expressions for the nonlinear normal modes are obtained by applying the method of multiple scales to the governing integro-partial-differential equation and boundary conditions. Curves displaying variation of the amplitude with the internal resonance detuning parameter are generated. It is shown that, for a three-to-one internal resonance between the first and third modes, the beam may possess either one stable mode, or three stable normal modes, or two stable and one unstable normal modes. On the other hand, for a one-to-one internal resonance between the first and second modes, two nonlinear normal modes exist. The two nonlinear modes are either neutrally stable or unstable. In the case of one-to-one resonance between the third and fourth modes, two neutrally stable, nonlinear normal modes exist.

Nonlinear Normal Modes for Vibratory Systems Under Periodic Excitation

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongying Jiang ◽  
Christophe Pierre ◽  
Steven W. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Normal Mode ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Invariant Manifolds ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Normal Modes ◽  
Nonlinear Normal Modes ◽  
Beam Model ◽  
Periodic Excitation ◽  
Nonlinear Normal Mode ◽  
Nonlinear Normal

This paper considers the use of numerically constructed invariant manifolds to determine the response of nonlinear vibratory systems that are subjected to periodic excitation. The approach is an extension of the nonlinear normal mode formulation previously developed by the authors for free oscillations, wherein an auxiliary system that models the excitation is used to augment the equations of motion. In this manner, the excitation is simply treated as an additional system state, yielding a system with an extra degree of freedom, whose response is known. A reduced order model for the forced system is then determined by the usual nonlinear normal mode procedure, and an efficient Galerkin-based solution method is used to numerically construct the attendant invariant manifolds. The technique is illustrated by determining the frequency response for a simple two-degree-off-reedom mass-spring system with cubic nonlinearities, and for a discretized beam model with 12 degrees of freedom. The results show that this method provides very accurate responses over a range of frequencies near resonances.

scholarly journals Nonlinear Normal Modes of a Rotating Shaft Based on the Invariant Manifold Method

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Legrand ◽  
Dongying Jiang ◽  
Christophe Pierre ◽  
Steven W. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Invariant Manifold ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Normal Modes ◽  
Nonlinear Normal Modes ◽  
Rotating Shaft ◽  
Nonlinear Mode ◽  
Large Amplitude Motions ◽  
Nonlinear Normal ◽  
The Individual

The nonlinear normal mode methodology is generalized to the study of a rotating shaft supported by two short journal bearings. For rotating shafts, nonlinearities are generated by forces arising from the supporting hydraulic bearings. In this study, the rotating shaft is represented by a linear beam, while a simplified bearing model is employed so that the nonlinear supporting forces can be expressed analytically. The equations of motion of the coupled shaft-bearings system are constructed using the Craig–Bampton method of component mode synthesis, producing a model with as few as six degrees of freedom (d.o.f.). Using an invariant manifold approach, the individual nonlinear normal modes of the shaft-bearings system are then constructed, yielding a single-d.o.f. reduced-order model for each nonlinear mode. This requires a generalized formulation for the manifolds, since the system features damping as well as gyroscopic and nonconservative circulatory terms. The nonlinear modes are calculated numerically using a nonlinear Galerkin method that is able to capture large amplitude motions. The shaft response from the nonlinear mode model is shown to match extremely well the simulations from the reference Craig–Bampton model.

Computing Nonlinear Normal Modes Using Numerical Continuation and Force Appropriation

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Kuether ◽  
Matthew S. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Normal Modes ◽  
Nonlinear Normal Modes ◽  
Numerical Continuation ◽  
Gradient Based ◽  
Nonlinear Normal ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Nonlinear Equations Of Motion ◽  
Mass Spring

Many structures can behave nonlinearly, exhibiting behavior that is not captured by linear vibration theory such as localization and frequency-energy dependence. The nonlinear normal mode (NNM) concept, developed over the last few decades, can be quite helpful in characterizing a structure’s nonlinear response. In the definition of interest, an NNM is a periodic solution to the conservative nonlinear equations of motion. Several approaches have been suggested for computing NNMs and some have been quite successful even for systems with hundreds of degrees of freedom. However, existing methods are still too expensive to employ on realistic nonlinear finite element models, especially when the Jacobian of the equations of motion is not available analytically. This work presents a new approach for numerically calculating nonlinear normal modes by combining force appropriation, numerical integration and continuation techniques. This method does not require gradients, is found to compute the NNMs accurately up to moderate response amplitudes, and could be readily extended to experimentally characterize nonlinear structures. The method is demonstrated on a nonlinear mass-spring-damper system, computing its NNMs up to a 35% shift in frequency. The results are compared with those from a gradient based algorithm and the relative merits of each method are discussed.

Numerical Computation of Nonlinear Normal Modes in Multi-Mode Models of an Inertially Coupled Elastic Structure

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengxia Wang ◽  
Anil K. Bajaj
Keyword(s):  
Small Amplitude ◽  
Normal Modes ◽  
Nonlinear Normal Modes ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Elastic Structure ◽  
Internal Resonances ◽  
Reduced Order ◽  
Nonlinear Normal ◽  
Two Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Quadratic And Cubic Nonlinearities

There are many techniques available for the construction of nonlinear normal modes. Most studies for systems with more than one degree of freedom utilize asymptotic techniques or the method of multiple time scales, which are valid only for small amplitude motions. Previous works of the authors have investigated nonlinear normal modes in elastic structures with essential inertial nonlinearities, and considered two degree-of-freedom reduced-order models that exhibit 1:2 resonance. For small amplitude oscillations with low energy, this reduced analysis is acceptable, while for higher energy vibrations and vibrations that are away from internal resonances, this may not provide an accurate representation of NNMs. For high energy vibration and vibrations away from internal resonances, two natural issues to be addressed are the dimension of the reduced-order model used for constructing NNMs, and the order of nonlinearities retained in the truncated models. To address these issues, a comparison of NNMs computed for three different reduced degree of freedom models for the elastic structure is reported here. The reduced models considered are: (i) A two degree-of-freedom reduced model with only quadratic nonlinearities; (ii) A two degree-of-freedom reduced model with both quadratic and cubic nonlinearities; (iii) A five degrees-of-freedom model with both quadratic and cubic nonlinearities. A numerical method based on shooting technique is used for constructing the NNMs and results for system near 1:2 internal resonances between the two lowest modes and away from any internal resonance are compared.

Internally Resonant Nonlinear Free Vibrations of Horizontal/Inclined Sagged Cables

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Rega ◽  
N. Srinil ◽  
S. Chucheepsakul
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Normal Modes ◽  
Original System ◽  
Nonlinear Normal Modes ◽  
Free Vibrations ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Internal Resonances ◽  
Closed Form Solutions ◽  
Nonlinear Normal

Internally resonant dynamics in the nonlinear free vibrations of suspended cables are analytically investigated by means of a multi-mode Galerkin-based discretization and second-order multiple scales. Emphasis is placed on planar 2:1 internal resonances. The equations of motion of a general inclined cable model, which account for the dynamic extensibility effects and the system asymmetry due to inclined equilibrium, are considered. By considering higher-order effects due to quadratic nonlinearities, approximate closed-form solutions of nonlinear amplitudes, frequencies and dynamic configurations associated with the resonant nonlinear normal modes reveal the dependence of cable nonlinear response on different resonant and non-resonant modes. Based on the modal convergence properties performed on the resonantly activated cables, the illustrative results provide hints for proper reduced-order model selections from the asymptotic solution. The underlying effects of cable inclination and cable sag are presented. The theoretical predictions are validated by finite difference numerical time laws of the original system equations of motion.

An Energy-Based Approach to Computing Resonant Nonlinear Normal Modes

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 810-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. King ◽  
A. F. Vakakis
Keyword(s):  
Internal Resonance ◽  
Natural Frequencies ◽  
Linear Expansion ◽  
Normal Modes ◽  
Nonlinear Normal Modes ◽  
Continuous Systems ◽  
Modal Interactions ◽  
Internal Resonances ◽  
Nonlinear Normal ◽  
Two Degree Of Freedom

A formulation for computing resonant nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) is developed for discrete and continuous systems. In a canonical framework, internal resonance conditions are immediately recognized by identifying commensurable linearized natural frequencies of these systems. Additionally, a canonical formulation allows for a single (linearized modal) coordinate to parameterize all other coordinates during a resonant NNM response. Energy-based NNM methodologies are applied to a canonical set of equations and asymptotic solutions are sought. In order to account for the resonant modal interactions, it will be shown that high-order terms in the O(1) solutions must be considered (in the absence of internal resonances, a linear expansion at O(1) is sufficient). Two applications (‘3:1’ resonances in a two-degree-of-freedom system and ‘3:1’ resonance in a hinged-clamped beam) are then considered by which to demonstrate the resonant NNM methodology. It is shown that for some responses, nonlinear modal relations do not exist in the context of physical coordinates and thus a transformation to a canonical framework is necessary in order to appropriately define NNM relations.

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