Effect of Electromagnetic Force on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of the Magnetorheological Elastomer Under Compression Mode

2019 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinxin Shi ◽  
Shaogang Liu ◽  
Dan Zhao ◽  
Zhenghang Zhao ◽  
Jin Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Strain Amplitude ◽  
Electromagnetic Force ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Loading Frequency ◽  
Magnetorheological Elastomer ◽  
Change Rate ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Energy Dissipation Capacity

Abstract Under the compression mode, the direction of force on the magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) is parallel to the direction of electromagnetic force, so the effect of electromagnetic force on its dynamic mechanical properties cannot be ignored. Therefore, this paper focuses on the effect of electromagnetic force on the dynamic mechanical properties of MRE under compression mode. A new type of testing device was designed and processed. Under a different loading frequency, strain amplitude and external magnetic field, dynamic mechanical properties of MRE were tested, respectively. The result shows that the stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of MRE increase with the current and loading frequency. The stiffness of MRE decreases with the increase in the strain amplitude, but the energy dissipation capacity increases. Comparing the force-displacement curve of MRE with or without the effect of the electromagnetic force, it shows that the electromagnetic force has a great effect on the stiffness of MRE and little effect on its energy dissipation capacity. When the electromagnetic force is removed, the stiffness of MRE decreases, and the change rate of stiffness increases with current. The maximum change rate of stiffness is 5.65%.

Strain Dependence of Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Carbon Black-Filled Rubber Compounds

1996 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Ulmer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Strain Amplitude ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Model Description ◽  
Strain Dependence ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Viscous Modulus

Abstract The strain dependencies of dynamic mechanical properties of carbon black-filled rubber compounds have been modeled by Kraus. Evaluation of the Kraus model with carbon black loadings up to 110 phr shows that it provides a fairly good overall description of elastic modulus, G′, as a function of strain, γ. The model description of G′ strain dependence improves with decreased carbon black loading, and is very good with carbon black loadings of 50 phr and less. The model description of viscous modulus strain dependence, G″(γ), is less successful than the G′(γ) description. Several empirical modifications of the viscous modulus model are examined. The most improved model is a very good approximation to viscous modulus over a wide experimental strain-range. Its utility, and that of the Kraus G′(γ) model, are illustrated through calculation of simple shear dynamic properties from torsion property measurements on a solid cylinder, where the strain amplitude varies across the specimen radius. The models allow transformation of the apparent moduli, reported as functions of strain amplitude at the cylinder's outer edge, to their true counterparts, G′(γ) and G″(γ), as functions of uniform strain amplitude. Although the G′(γ) and modified G″(γ) models apply to a wide range of experimental strains, some uncertainties associated with each model's accuracy remain, and there are inconsistencies in the relation of one model to the other. Reservations associated with the models might be resolved through refined treatments of the test specimen geometries.

Study of crosslink structure and dynamic mechanical properties of magnetorheological elastomer: Effect of vulcanization system

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1189-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanxin Shi ◽  
Wenju Wang ◽  
Huanglei Lu ◽  
Guoping Wang ◽  
Fufeng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Smart Materials ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Magnetic Particles ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Zero Field ◽  
Magnetorheological Elastomer ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Particle Chains

Magnetorheological elastomers are a kind of intelligent and smart materials which are mainly composed of rubbery polymers and soft magnetic particles. The role of various vulcanization systems on the crosslink structures, curing properties, and dynamic mechanical properties of natural rubber–based magnetorheological elastomer was investigated. Conventional, semi-efficient, and efficient vulcanization systems were used and compared. It was found that the content of polysulfide linkages decreased and the monosulfide linkages increased when the vulcanization system was changed from conventional to semi-efficient and efficient vulcanization systems, respectively. The crosslink density has the same tendency with the content of polysulfide linkages. In all vulcanization systems, the zero-field modulus, magnetic-induced modulus, controllability of damping, and the degree of the influence of Payne effect of the samples had an increasing trend when the crosslink density decreased. Evidence from micrographs of scanning electron microscope showed that this was because the particle chains in the low crosslink density composites were longer and more aligned. As the proportion of monosulfide linkages increased, the value of the loss factor increased and the modulus of the composites was more affected by the increasing frequency.

Thermally Induced Crosslinking between Polyacrylic Acid and Epoxidised Natural Rubber: Effect of Carbon Black Filler on Strain Dependent Dynamic Mechanical Properties

1994 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 845-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mallick ◽  
D. K. Tripathy ◽  
S. K. De
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Strain Amplitude ◽  
Polyacrylic Acid ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Dynamic Strain ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Strain Dependent

Abstract Increases in dynamic strain amplitude (DSA) causes changes in the dynamic mechanical properties of high abrasion furnace (HAF) carbon black filled polyacrylic acid (PAA) and epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) blends. But the changes are more prominent in comparison to conventional rubber vulcanizates. It is believed that crosslinking between PAA and ENR in the presence of carbon black results in the formation of a network-induced-agglomerate superstructure which, however, breaks down on the application of dynamic strain.

Dynamic Mechanical Properties of a Carbon Black-Loaded Butyl Rubber Vulcanizate and a Carbon Black-Loaded Polyisobutylene

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 1403-1412 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Ferry ◽  
Edwin R. Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Strain Amplitude ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Furnace Black ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Frequency Temperature

Abstract The dynamic mechanical properties of rubbers loaded with carbon black have been the subject of many investigations because of their importance in the performance of products, especially the energy dissipation, skid resistance, and other properties of vehicle tires. However, the important variables of frequency and temperature in oscillating deformations have usually been explored in fragmentary fashion. In particular, the degree to which these variables can be treated with frequency-temperature superposition appears to differ considerably depending on the type of compound investigated. In many cases, data have been insufficient to establish whether the essential criterion for superposition, namely, the same temperature dependence for all relaxation mechanisms, is satisfied. For this purpose, extensive measurements over wide ranges of closely spaced frequencies and temperatures are required. Such data are needed, in any case, to determine the responses of elements of a vehicle tire over the ranges of temperature and time scale to which they are subjected in use and to provide input information for thermo-mechanical modelling of power loss in tires. This paper is intended to be one of a series on dynamic mechanical properties of a variety of carbon black-loaded compounds over wide ranges of frequency and temperature. It describes results for a vulcanized butyl rubber loaded with a medium processing channel black, and the almost chemically identical linear polymer polyisobutylene loaded with a semireinforcing furnace black; these results are compared with previously published data for vulcanized butyl gum and pure polyisobutylene . The shear strain amplitude in these measurements is very small, of the order of 10−5 to 10−7, in a range of linear viscoelasticity as confirmed by sensitive tests, and thus the Mullins effect is avoided. The prominent dependence of viscoelastic properties on strain amplitude, as investigated by Payne and Watson and later workers, appears at considerably higher strains of 10−3 or more. Of course, the behavior in large deformations will be very different from that described here, but it is important to understand first the properties of the structure close to its equilibrium rest state.

scholarly journals DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PASSIVE SINGLE CARDIAC FIBERS FROM THE CRAB CANCER MAGISTER

1993 ◽  
Vol 185 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Meyhofer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Sarcomere Length ◽  
Viscoelastic Behavior ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cancer Magister ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Cardiac Fibers

I determined the dynamic mechanical properties of single relaxed cardiac fibers from the Dungeness crab Cancer magister. Single fibers were mechanically isolated, chemically skinned and subjected to small-amplitude sinusoidal length perturbations over a wide range of strain rates and sarcomere lengths to characterize their viscoelastic behavior. The observed mechanical properties, together with transcardiac pressure recordings and ultrastructural measurements, were related to the overall function of the heart. Single fibers, often longer than 1 mm, could be mechanically dissected from the heart of Cancer magister. They typically ranged from 20 to 100 micrometre in diameter and were surrounded by a 100- 400 nm thick extracellular matrix. In situ, under normal physiological loads, the heart of Cancer magister generated transcardiac pressures of about 1000 Pa and beat at 1 Hz, while the sarcomere lengths of fibers changed by 10 % from about 4.0 to 4.4 micrometre during contractions. The total stiffness of all fibers increased from approximately 0.01 MPa to 1 MPa in the sarcomere length range from 3.8 to 6.0 micrometre and increased two- to threefold with a rise in strain rate from 0.01 to 5 rad s-1. In the physiological range of sarcomere length (4.0-4.4 micrometre) and strain rate (0.5-1.2 rad s- 1), single cardiac fibers behaved viscoelastically, with average values for the relative energy dissipation ranging from 0.5 to 0.7. The volume fraction of the extracellular matrix correlated positively with the stiffness of single cardiac fibers. On the basis of these results, I propose a dual role for the viscoelastic behavior of Cancer magister cardiac fibers: (1) the viscous energy dissipation confers dynamic mechanical stability at the level of the single fiber, and (2) the storage and return of elastic strain energy saves energy at the level of the whole heart.

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