Evaluation of the Kinematic Biofidelity and Inter-Test Repeatability of Global Accelerations and Brain Parenchyma Pressure for a Head-Brain Physical Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizhao Li ◽  
Simon Ouellet ◽  
Albert Vette ◽  
Don W. Raboud ◽  
Ashton Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Civilian Life ◽  
Head Kinematics ◽  
Blunt Impact ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Drop Tests ◽  
Multiple Impact ◽  
Injury Protection

Abstract Head surrogates are used in biomechanical research and headgear assessment. They are designed to approximate the properties of the head and are instrumented to measure global head kinematics. Due to the recent interest in studying disruption to the brain, some head models include internal fluid layers and brain tissue, and instrumentation to measure head intracranial biomechanics. However, it is unknown whether such models exhibit realistic human responses. Therefore, this study aims to assess the biofidelity and repeatability of a head model, the Blast Injury Protection Evaluation Device (BIPED), that can measure both global head kinematics and intraparenchymal pressure (IPP) for application in blunt impact, a common loading scenario in civilian life. Drop tests were conducted with the BIPED and the widely used Hybrid III headform. BIPED measures were compared to the Hybrid III data and published cadaveric data, and the biofidelity level of the global linear acceleration was quantified using CORrelation and Analysis (CORA) ratings. The repeatability of the acceleration and IPP measurements in multiple impact scenarios was evaluated via the coefficient of variation (COV) of the magnitudes and pulse durations. BIPED acceleration peaks were generally not significantly different from cadaver and Hybrid III data. The CORA ratings for the BIPED and Hybrid III accelerations ranged from 0.50 to 0.61 and 0.51 to 0.77, respectively. The COVs of acceleration and IPP were generally below 10%. This study is an important step toward a biofidelic head surrogate measuring both global kinematics and IPP in blunt impact.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Combat Helmet Behavior under Blunt Impact

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 8470
Author(s):  
Carlos Moure-Guardiola ◽  
Ignacio Rubio ◽  
Jacobo Antona-Makoshi ◽  
Álvaro Olmedo ◽  
José Antonio Loya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Ballistic Impacts ◽  
Impact Surface ◽  
Blunt Impact ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Design And Manufacture

New threats are a challenge for the design and manufacture of modern combat helmets. These helmets must satisfy a wide range of impact velocities from ballistic impacts to blunt impacts. In this paper, we analyze European Regulation ECE R22.05 using a standard surrogate head and a human head model to evaluate combat helmet performance. Two critical parameters on traumatic brain analysis are studied for different impact locations, i.e., peak linear acceleration value and head injury criterion (HIC). The results obtained are compared with different injury criteria to determine the severity level of damage induced. Furthermore, based on different impact scenarios, analyses of the influence of impact velocity and the geometry impact surface are performed. The results show that the risks associated with a blunt impact can lead to a mild traumatic brain injury at high impact velocities and some impact locations, despite satisfying the different criteria established by the ECE R22.05 standard. The results reveal that the use of a human head for the estimation of brain injuries differs slightly from the results obtained using a surrogate head. Therefore, the current combat helmet configuration must be improved for blunt impacts. Further standards should take this into account and, consequently, combat helmet manufacturers on their design process.

An Investigation of Hybrid III and Living Human Drop Tests

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 219-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Friedman ◽  
Fiona Gaston ◽  
Jack Bish ◽  
Donald Friedman ◽  
Anthony Sances, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Drop Tests

Effects of Lumbar Spine Assemblies and Body-Borne Equipment Mass on Anthropomorphic Test Device Responses During Drop Tests

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Aggromito ◽  
Mark Jaffrey ◽  
Allen Chhor ◽  
Bernard Chen ◽  
Wenyi Yan
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Federal Aviation Administration ◽  
Relative Displacement ◽  
Drop Tower ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Drop Tests ◽  
Occupant Injury ◽  
Maximum Relative Displacement ◽  
The Impact

When simulating or conducting land mine blast tests on armored vehicles to assess potential occupant injury, the preference is to use the Hybrid III anthropomorphic test device (ATD). In land blast events, neither the effect of body-borne equipment (BBE) on the ATD response nor the dynamic response index (DRI) is well understood. An experimental study was carried out using a drop tower test rig, with a rigid seat mounted on a carriage table undergoing average accelerations of 161 g and 232 g over 3 ms. A key aspect of the work looked at the various lumbar spine assemblies available for a Hybrid III ATD. These can result in different load cell orientations for the ATD which in turn can affect the load measurement in the vertical and horizontal planes. Thirty-two tests were carried out using two BBE mass conditions and three variations of ATDs. The latter were the Hybrid III with the curved (conventional) spine, the Hybrid III with the pedestrian (straight) spine, and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Hybrid III which also has a straight spine. The results showed that the straight lumbar spine assemblies produced similar ATD responses in drop tower tests using a rigid seat. In contrast, the curved lumbar spine assembly generated a lower pelvis acceleration and a higher lumbar load than the straight lumbar spine assemblies. The maximum relative displacement of the lumbar spine occurred after the peak loading event, suggesting that the DRI is not suitable for assessing injury when the impact duration is short and an ATD is seated on a rigid seat on a drop tower. The peak vertical lumbar loads did not change with increasing BBE mass because the equipment mass effects did not become a factor during the peak loading event.

Finite-Element-Based Transfer Equations: Post-Mortem Human Subjects versus Hybrid III Test Dummy in Blunt Impact

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raed E. El-jawahri ◽  
Tony R. Laituri ◽  
Agnes S. Kim ◽  
Stephen W. Rouhana ◽  
Para V. Weerappuli
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Blunt Impact ◽  
Transfer Equations ◽  
Hybrid Iii

The Influence of Neck Stiffness on Head Kinematics and Maximum Principal Strain Associated With Youth American Football Collisions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Janie Cournoyer ◽  
David Koncan ◽  
Michael D. Gilchrist ◽  
T. Blaine Hoshizaki
Keyword(s):  
American Football ◽  
Principal Strain ◽  
Neck Stiffness ◽  
Head Impacts ◽  
Head Kinematics ◽  
Upper Trapezius ◽  
Maximum Principal Strain ◽  
Direct Head ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Neck Strength

Understanding the relationship between head mass and neck stiffness during direct head impacts is especially concerning in youth sports where athletes have higher proportional head mass to neck strength. This study compared 2 neck stiffness conditions for peak linear and rotational acceleration and brain tissue deformations across 3 impact velocities, 3 impact locations, and 2 striking masses. A pendulum fitted with a nylon cap was used to impact a fifth percentile hybrid III headform equipped with 9 accelerometers and fitted with a youth American football helmet. The 2 neck stiffness conditions consisted of a neckform with and without resistance in 3 planes, representing the upper trapezius, the splenius capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. Increased neck stiffness resulted in significant changes in head kinematics and maximum principal strain specific to impact velocity, impact location, and striking mass.

scholarly journals New generation of headgear for rugby: impact reduction of linear and rotational forces by a viscoelastic material-based rugby head guard

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e000464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Ganly ◽  
Jill Mary McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Impact Energy ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Rotational Acceleration ◽  
Impact Reduction ◽  
Subconcussive Injury ◽  
Drop Tests ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
Repeated Impacts ◽  
New Generation

ObjectivesIn the aim to develop a usable and wearable head guard for rugby that could reduce impact energy and lessen the likelihood of concussive and subconcussive injury during play, a combination of viscoelastic materials was employed to develop a guard with similar dimensions to those currently used in international rugby.MethodsThe head guard was tested for impact energy reduction following linear acceleration, using drop tests, as required by World Rugby. The head guard was also subjected to pendulum tests, allowing acceleration to be simultaneously measured on two headforms, as well as repeated impacts to mimic ageing and repeated use. Impact following rotational acceleration was determined at two impact locations and at three impact velocities.ResultsThe viscoelastic head guard (N-Pro) was shown to reduce linear impacts by up to 75% in comparison to the use of a commercially available rugby head guard and repeated impacts did not impair the attenuation of impact energy. Rotational impact energy was also reduced by an average of 34% across three speeds and two sites of impact test sites, in comparison to tested bare headforms.ConclusionsThis heralds a new generation of soft-shelled headgear that could help reduce two primary risk factors in sports-induced mild traumatic brain injury: linear and rotational impacts to the head.

Modeling and Reconstruction of Multi-Fidelity Traumatic Head Injury due to Blunt Impact

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Gary Tan ◽  
Amit Bagchi
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Head Model ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Human Body Model ◽  
Body Model ◽  
Blunt Impact ◽  
Real Scenario ◽  
The Brain

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common injuries to service members in recent conflicts. Computational models can offer insights in understanding the underlying mechanism of brain injury, which lead to the crucial development of effective personal protective equipment designed to prevent or mitigate the TBI. Historically many computational models were developed for the brain injury study. However, these models use relatively coarse mesh with a less detailed head anatomy. Many models consider the head only and thus cannot properly model the real scenario, i.e., accidental fall, blunt impact or blast loading. A whole-body finite element model can represent the real scenario but is very expensive to use. By combining the high-fidelity human head model with an articulated human body model, we developed the computational multi-fidelity human models to investigate the blunt- and blast-related TBI efficiently. A high-fidelity computational head model was generated from the high resolution image data to accurately reproduce the complex musculoskeletal and tissue structure of the head. The fast-running articulated human body model is based on the multi-body dynamics and was used to reconstruct the accidental falls. By utilizing the kinematics and force and moment at the joint of the articulated human body model, we can realistically simulate the blunt impact and assess the brain injury using the high-fidelity head model.

Human Response to Dynamic Rollover Conditions

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Bish ◽  
Terence Honikman ◽  
Jason Sigel ◽  
Carl Nash ◽  
Donald Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Rotation Axis ◽  
Test Subject ◽  
Rotational Axis ◽  
Human Response ◽  
Passenger Compartment ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Drop Tests ◽  
Vehicle Rollover ◽  
The Difference

To date, human responses in motor vehicle rollover accidents have been studied through the use of Hybrid III dummies in dolly vehicle rollover tests, quasi-static spit tests where the vehicle and occupant are rotated slowly about the rotation axis of the spit fixture, computer simulations and vehicle drop tests. To demonstrate human responses to dynamic rollover conditions more accurately we designed and built a fixture to accommodate a passenger compartment in a hoop structure that rotates as it translates. The rotational axis of the hoop structure is offset from the rotational axis of the passenger compartment to replicate vehicle center of gravity motion seen in dolly rollover tests. Testing showed the difference in restraint behavior depending upon whether the occupant was seated on the near (initially leading) or far side. It demonstrated that human and Hybrid III dummy neck response is very different. The human test subject received no injuries from diving into the roof of the passenger compartment even though this is the predicted injury mechanism reported in several technical papers.

Football Helmet Drop Tests on Different Fields Using an Instrumented Hybrid III Head

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Viano ◽  
Chris Withnall ◽  
Michael Wonnacott
Keyword(s):  
Football Helmet ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Drop Tests

Head Kinematics in Mini-Sled Tests of Foam Padding: Relevance of Linear Responses From Free Motion Headform (FMH) Testing to Head Angular Responses

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ivarsson ◽  
D. C. Viano ◽  
P. Lo¨vsund ◽  
Y. Parnaik
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Free Motion ◽  
Constant Thickness ◽  
Head Impacts ◽  
Hybrid Iii

The revised Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 201 specifies that the safety performance of vehicle upper interiors is determined from the resultant linear acceleration response of a free motion headform (FMH) impacting the interior at 6.7 m/s. This study addresses whether linear output data from the FMH test can be used to select an upper interior padding that decreases the likelihood of rotationally induced brain injuries. Using an experimental setup consisting of a Hybrid III head-neck structure mounted on a mini-sled platform, sagittal plane linear and angular head accelerations were measured in frontal head impacts into foam samples of various stiffness and density with a constant thickness (51 mm) at low (∼5.0 m/s), intermediate (∼7.0 m/s), and high (∼9.6 m/s) impact speeds. Provided that the foam samples did not bottom out, recorded peak values of angular acceleration and change in angular velocity increased approximately linearly with increasing peak resultant linear acceleration and value of the Head Injury Criterion HIC36. The results indicate that the padding that produces the lowest possible peak angular acceleration and peak change in angular velocity without causing high peak forces is the one that produces the lowest possible HIC36 without bottoming out in the FMH test.

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