Influence of Working-Fluid Characteristics on the Design of the Closed-Cycle Gas Turbine

1957 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Source ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Nuclear Fission ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Temperature Gas ◽  
Fluid Characteristics

During the past few months there has been a renewed expression of interest in the high-temperature gas-cycle reactor coupled with a closed-cycle gas turbine in a single loop as a means of utilizing the energy available from nuclear fission. At present the procurement of two closed-cycle gas-turbine plants is planned in this country, both of which are suitable for use with a gas-cycle nuclear reactor as a heat source. These plants differ widely in output, purpose and the nature of the working fluid. One of the questions repeatedly raised during their design was the effect of the nature and characteristics of the working fluid on the design of the nonnuclear components. This pointed to the desirability of a specific study along these lines, which study was conducted by the author’s firm and is partially reported herein.

Modeling and Analysis of Power Conversion System for High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor With Cogeneration

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Afrazeh ◽  
Hiwa Khaledi ◽  
Mohammad Bagher Ghofrani
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Source ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Conversion ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
Nuclear Heat ◽  
Conversion System ◽  
High Temperature Gas

A gas turbine in combination with a nuclear heat source has been subject of study for some years. This paper describes the advantages of a gas turbine combined with an inherently safe and well-proven nuclear heat source. The design of the power conversion system is based on a regenerative, non-intercooled, closed, direct Brayton cycle with high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), as heat source and helium gas as the working fluid. The plant produces electricity and hot water for district heating (DH). Variation of specific heat, enthalpy and entropy of working fluid with pressure and temperature are included in this model. Advanced blade cooling technology is used in order to allow for a high turbine inlet temperature. The paper starts with an overview of the main characteristics of the nuclear heat source, Then presents a study to determine the specifications of a closed-cycle gas turbine for the HTGR installation. Attention is given to the way such a closed-cycle gas turbine can be modeled. Subsequently the sensitivity of the efficiency to several design choices is investigated. This model is developed in Fortran.

scholarly journals Gas Turbine Power Plant Possibilities With a Nuclear Heat Source: Closed and Open Cycles

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin F. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Heat Source ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
Cycle System ◽  
Nuclear Heat ◽  
High Temperature Gas

With the capability of burning a variety of fossil fuels, giving high thermal efficiency, and operating with low emissions, the gas turbine is becoming a major prime-mover for a wide spectrum of applications. Almost three decades ago two experimental projects were undertaken in which gas turbines were actually operated with heat from nuclear reactors. In retrospect, these systems were ahead of their time in terms of technology readiness, and prospects of the practical coupling of a gas turbine with a nuclear heat source towards the realization of a high efficiency, pollutant free, dry-cooled power plant has remained a long-term goal, which has been periodically studied in the last twenty years. Technology advancements in both high temperature gas-cooled reactors, and gas turbines now make the concept of a nuclear gas turbine plant realizable. Two possible plant concepts are highlighted in this paper, (1) a direct cycle system involving the integration of a closed-cycle helium gas turbine with a modular high temperature gas cooled reactor (MHTGR), and (2) the utilization of a conventional and proven combined cycle gas turbine, again with the MHTGR, but now involving the use of secondary (helium) and tertiary (air) loops. The open cycle system is more equipment intensive and places demanding requirements on the very high temperature heat exchangers, but has the merit of being able to utilize a conventional combined cycle turbo-generator set. In this paper both power plant concepts are put into perspective in terms of categorizing the most suitable applications, highlighting their major features and characteristics, and identifying the technology requirements. The author would like to dedicate this paper to the late Professor Karl Bammert who actively supported deployment of the closed-cycle gas turbine for several decades with a variety of heat sources including fossil, solar, and nuclear systems.

scholarly journals The Design of Turbomachinery for the Gas Turbine (Direct Cycle) High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor Power Plant

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Adams ◽  
F. H. Boenig
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Conversion ◽  
Reactor Power ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Primary Coolant ◽  
Reactor Power Plant ◽  
Direct Cycle ◽  
High Temperature Gas

The Gas Turbine HTGR, or “Direct Cycle” High-Temperature Gas-Cooled, Reactor power plant, uses a closed-cycle gas turbine directly in the primary coolant circuit of a helium-cooled high-temperature nuclear reactor. Previous papers have described configuration studies leading to the selection of reactor and power conversion loop layout, and the considerations affecting the design of the components of the power conversion loop. This paper discusses briefly the effects of the helium working fluid and the reactor cooling loop environment on the design requirements of the direct-cycle turbomachinery and describes the mechanical arrangement of a typical turbomachine for this application. The aerodynamic design is outlined, and the mechanical design is described in some detail, with particular emphasis on the bearings and seals for the turbomachine.

Conceptual Design and Cooling Blade Development of 1700°C Class High-Temperature Gas Turbine

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 358-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoko Ito ◽  
Hiroshi Saeki ◽  
Asako Inomata ◽  
Fumio Ootomo ◽  
Katsuya Yamashita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Internal Cooling ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
Steam Consumption ◽  
Flow Phenomena ◽  
High Temperature Gas

In this paper we describe the conceptual design and cooling blade development of a 1700°C-class high-temperature gas turbine in the ACRO-GT-2000 (Advanced Carbon Dioxide Recovery System of Closed-Cycle Gas Turbine Aiming 2000 K) project. In the ACRO-GT closed cycle power plant system, the thermal efficiency aimed at is more than 60% of the higher heating value of fuel (HHV). Because of the high thermal efficiency requirement, the 1700°C-class high-temperature gas turbine must be designed with the minimum amount of cooling and seal steam consumption. The hybrid cooling scheme, which is a combination of closed loop internal cooling and film ejection cooling, was chosen from among several cooling schemes. The elemental experiments and numerical studies, such as those on blade surface heat transfer, internal cooling channel heat transfer, and pressure loss and rotor coolant passage distribution flow phenomena, were conducted and the results were applied to the conceptual design advancement. As a result, the cooling steam consumption in the first stage nozzle and blade was reduced by about 40% compared with the previous design that was performed in the WE-NET (World Energy Network) Phase-I.

scholarly journals Performance Analyses and Evaluation of Co2 and N2 as Coolants in a Recuperated Brayton Gas Turbine Cycle for a Generation IV Nuclear Reactor Power Plant

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel O. Osigwe ◽  
Arnold Gad-Briggs ◽  
Theoklis Nikolaidis ◽  
Pericles Pilidis ◽  
Suresh Sampath
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Reactor Power ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
Gas Turbine Cycle

Abstract As demands for clean and sustainable energy renew interests in nuclear power to meet future energy demands, generation IV nuclear reactors are seen as having the potential to provide the improvements required for nuclear power generation. However, for their benefits to be fully realized, it is important to explore the performance of the reactors when coupled to different configurations of closed-cycle gas turbine power conversion systems. The configurations provide variation in performance due to different working fluids over a range of operating pressures and temperatures. The objective of this paper is to undertake analyses at the design and off-design conditions in combination with a recuperated closed-cycle gas turbine and comparing the influence of carbon dioxide and nitrogen as the working fluid in the cycle. The analysis is demonstrated using an in-house tool, which was developed by the authors. The results show that the choice of working fluid controls the range of cycle operating pressures, temperatures, and overall performance of the power plant due to the thermodynamic and heat properties of the fluids. The performance results favored the nitrogen working fluid over CO2 due to the behavior CO2 below its critical conditions. The analyses intend to aid the development of cycles for generation IV nuclear power plants (NPPs) specifically gas-cooled fast reactors (GFRs) and very high-temperature reactors (VHTRs).

Performance Analysis of Generation IV Nuclear Reactor Power Plant Using CO2 and N2: Case Study of a Recuperated Brayton Gas Turbine Cycle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel O. Osigwe ◽  
Arnold Gad-Briggs ◽  
Theoklis Nikolaidis ◽  
Pericles Pilidis ◽  
Suresh Sampath
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Reactor Power ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Closed Cycle

With renewed interest in nuclear power to meet the world’s future energy demand, the Generation IV nuclear reactors are the next step in the deployment of nuclear power generation. However, for the potentials of these nuclear reactor designs to be fully realized, its suitability, when coupled with different configurations of closed-cycle gas turbine power conversion systems, have to be explored and performance compared for various possible working fluids over a range of operating pressures and temperatures. The purpose of this paper is to carry out performance analysis at the design and off-design conditions for a Generation IV nuclear-powered reactor in combination with a recuperated closed-cycle gas turbine and comparing the influence of carbon dioxide and nitrogen as working fluid in the cycle. This analysis is demonstrated in GTACYSS; a performance and preliminary design code developed by the authors for closed-cycle gas turbine simulations. The results obtained shows that the choice of working fluid controls the range of cycle operating pressures, temperatures and overall performance of the power plant due to the thermodynamic and heat properties of the fluids. The performance results favored the nitrogen working fluid over CO2 due to the behavior CO2 below its critical conditions.

scholarly journals The NEREUS Installation — The Non-Nuclear Part (GT)

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. K. Crommelin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Source ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Conversion Unit ◽  
Turbine Installation

This paper should be read in conjunction with the paper The NEREUS installation — the nuclear part (HTR). This part will discuss the non-nuclear part of the nuclear gas turbine installation called the NEREUS installation. It will discuss the non-nuclear part of a modular energy production installation consisting of an inherently safe, helium cooled, graphite moderated nuclear reactor, which acts as heat source to an energy conversion unit consisting of a closed-cycle recuperative gas turbine driving a generator (abbreviated as HTR-GT) (see also ref. 11 and 12). The paper is based upon an ongoing study, supported by specialists and scientists, among others of the Delft University of Technology, of most aspects concerning this type of power producing unit. This paper will discuss its (non-nuclear) components, efficiency, market potential and costing in comparison with existing and comparable installations. So it will report on a pre-feasibility study, based upon existing reports, publications, estimations by specialists and from active projects.

The Parameter Analysis on the Gas Turbine Cycle in a High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huisheng Zhang ◽  
Jiancheng Zhang ◽  
Ming Su ◽  
Shilie Weng
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Temperature Limit ◽  
Parameter Analysis ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Gas Turbine Cycle ◽  
High Temperature Gas

The high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) technology is the only nuclear technology capable of achieving coolant temperatures as high as 950 °C and at the same time ensuring safe and efficient production of electricity, process steam and hydrogen. HTGR can be combined with a gas turbine to be gas turbine cycle with HTGR. This cycle can make use of high temperature (750–950°C) gas heated by HTGR to generate electricity with high efficiency. Because it breaks through the temperature limit of steam cycle and incorporates the inter-cooling and recuperating, so the gas turbine cycle with HTGR is expected to be a competing candidate for future concepts of high efficiency power generation. The performance of direct gas turbine with HTGR coupled with recuperating, inter-cooling and pre-cooling process was investigated. Considering the selection of working fluid, the thermal efficiency of gas turbine with HTGR with helium, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and their mixtures as the working fluid was compared. Then, the influence of different parameters such as turbine inlet temperature, pressure loss coefficient and recuperation effectiveness on cycle efficiency was analyzed. Some useful conclusions were drawn on the system performance.

Conceptual Design and Cooling Blade Development of 1700 °C-Class High-Temperature Gas Turbine

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoko Ito ◽  
Hiroshi Saeki ◽  
Asako Inomata ◽  
Fumio Ootomo ◽  
Katsuya Yamashita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Internal Cooling ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
Steam Consumption ◽  
Flow Phenomena ◽  
High Temperature Gas

This paper describes the conceptual design and cooling blade development of a 1700 °C-class high-temperature gas turbine in the ACRO-GT-2000 (Advanced Carbon Dioxide Recovery System of Closed-Cycle Gas Turbine Aiming 2000K) project. In the ACRO-GT closed cycle power plant system, the thermal efficiency aimed at is more than 60% of higher heating value of fuel (HHV). Because of the high thermal efficiency requirement, the 1700 °C-class high-temperature gas turbine must be designed with the minimum amount of cooling and seal steam consumption. The hybrid cooling scheme, which is a combination of closed loop internal cooling and film ejection cooling, was chosen from among several cooling schemes. The elemental experiments and numerical studies, such as those on blade surface heat transfer, internal cooling channel heat transfer and pressure loss and rotor coolant passage distribution flow phenomena, were conducted and the results were applied to the conceptual design advancement. As a result, the cooling steam consumption in the first stage nozzle and blade was reduced by about 40% compared with the previous design that was performed in the WE-NET (World Energy Network) Phase-I.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Analysis of the Chemical Heat Pipe as a Closed Cycle Gas Turbine

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fletcher Osterle
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Pipe ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Forward Direction ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Heat Of Reaction ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
Chemical Heat

In the chemical heat pipe concept, energy is transported long distances by using a high temperature heat source (e.g., a nuclear reactor) at the sender end to convert a mixture of gases (e.g., CO2 and CH4, or H2O and CH4) into an energy-rich combination (CO and H2), and then transporting the mixture by pipeline at close to room temperature to the receiver end. At the receiver end, the stored energy is released by the reverse reaction to generate steam or produce heat for process purposes. Candidate reactions for this system include the Hy-Co reaction (CO2 + CH4 = 2CO + 2H2) and the Eva-Adam reaction (CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2). As written, these reactions are endothermic in the forward direction and exothermic in the reverse direction. In the Eva-Adam reaction, the forward conversion (steam or methane reforming) is favored by high temperatures and low pressures. For example, at a temperature of 1100 K and a pressure of 1 atmosphere, the degree of advancement in the forward direction is about 93%. The reverse conversion (methanation) is favored by low temperatures and high pressures. For example, at 800 K and 25 atmospheres, the degree of advancement in the reverse direction is about 95%. Thus, heat representing most of the heat of reaction can be made available at the sender end at a relatively high temperature. Since the system requires two pressure levels, compressors (and turbines to drive them) are necessary, as well as strategically placed heat exchangers. Thus results a closed cycle gas turbine system with a dissociating gas as the working fluid. This paper analyzes the Eva-Adam system and evaluates the energy-delivered to energy-supplied ratio. The efficiency is improved if the return pipeline is insulated.

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