Analysis of Measured Flame Transfer Functions With Locally Resolved Density Fluctuation and OH-Chemiluminescence Data

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Peterleithner ◽  
Nicolai V. Stadlmair ◽  
Jakob Woisetschläger ◽  
Thomas Sattelmayer
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Density Fluctuation ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Rotational Symmetry ◽  
Periodic Oscillation ◽  
Density Fluctuations ◽  
Combustion Noise ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Laser Vibrometer

The goal of the study presented in this paper is to analyze flame transfer functions with a new approach based on the combination of-line-of sight OH*-chemiluminescence and density fluctuation data. The OH*-chemiluminescence is acquired with a photomultiplier and an intensified camera, the density fluctuations are measured with a Laser vibrometer on a two axis traverse. In flames with forcing the acoustic fluctuations can be extracted from the data by discrimination of all contributions from combustion noise, because it is not correlated with the excitation device. Assuming rotational symmetry of the fluctuations originating from excitation, planar phase-resolved and pseudo-local OH*-chemiluminescence and density fluctuation data is obtained from the measured line-of-sight integrated signals. In the study this technique is applied to a swirl burner configuration with FTFs from known multi-microphone measurements (MMM). In the first step, the externally premixed mode without equivalence ratio fluctuations is studied and in the second step the fuel is injected in the swirler in order to generate equivalence ratio waves. At selected frequencies the planar fields of the OH*-chemiluminescence and density fluctuations are compared to the FTFs in order to improve the understanding regarding the specific amplitude and phase values. In addition to heat release the vibrometer data reveals the periodic oscillation of the conical annular jet of the cold reactants in the combustor filled with hot products. On the global scale the amplitudes and phases of heat release expected from the MMM are satisfactorily reproduced by both methods for the premixed cases, whereas OH*-chemiluminescence data cannot be used as indicator for heat release if equivalence ratio fluctuations are present, because the amplitude of the FTF is significantly over-predicted due to the sensitivity of OH* on the local fuel-air mixture.

Analysis of Measured Flame Transfer Functions With Locally Resolved Density Fluctuation and OH-Chemiluminescence Data

2015 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Peterleithner ◽  
Nicolai V. Stadlmair ◽  
Jakob Woisetschläger ◽  
Thomas Sattelmayer
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Density Fluctuation ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Periodic Oscillation ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Laser Vibrometry ◽  
Annular Jet ◽  
Partially Premixed ◽  
Hot Products

The goal of this study is to analyze flame transfer functions (FTFs) locally by quantifying the heat release rate with OH*-chemiluminescence and density fluctuation measurements using laser vibrometry. In this study, both techniques are applied to a swirl burner configuration with known FTFs acquired by multimicrophone-method (MMM) measurements for perfectly premixed and partially premixed cases. The planar fields of the quantities are compared to the FTFs in order to improve the understanding regarding the specific amplitude and phase values. On the global scale values of heat release expected from the MMM are satisfactorily reproduced by both methods for the premixed cases, whereas OH*-chemiluminescence data cannot be used as indicator for heat release in the partially premixed case, where equivalence ratio fluctuations are present. Vibrometry is not affected by fluctuations of equivalence ratio but additionally reveals the periodic oscillation of the conical annular jet of the cold reactants in the combustor filled with hot products.

Optical Measurement of Local and Global Transfer Functions for Equivalence Ratio Fluctuations in a Turbulent Swirl Flame

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard C. Bobusch ◽  
Bernhard Ćosić ◽  
Jonas P. Moeck ◽  
Christian Oliver Paschereit
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Optical Measurement ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
Calibration Measurement

Equivalence ratio fluctuations are known to be one of the key factors controlling thermoacoustic stability in lean premixed gas turbine combustors. The mixing and thus the spatio-temporal evolution of these perturbations in the combustor flow is, however, difficult to account for in present low-order modeling approaches. To investigate this mechanism, experiments in an atmospheric combustion test rig are conducted. To assess the importance of equivalence ratio fluctuations in the present case, flame transfer functions for different injection positions are measured. By adding known perturbations in the fuel flow using a solenoid valve, the influence of equivalence ratio oscillations on the heat release rate is investigated. The spatially and temporally resolved equivalence ratio fluctuations in the reaction zone are measured using two optical chemiluminescence signals, captured with an intensified camera. A steady calibration measurement allows for the quantitative assessment of the equivalence ratio fluctuations in the flame. This information is used to obtain a mixing transfer function, which relates fluctuations in the fuel flow to corresponding fluctuations in the equivalence ratio of the flame. The current study focuses on the measurement of the global, spatially integrated, transfer function for equivalence ratio fluctuations and the corresponding modeling. In addition, the spatially resolved mixing transfer function is shown and discussed. The global mixing transfer function reveals that despite the good spatial mixing quality of the investigated generic burner, the ability to damp temporal fluctuations at low frequencies is rather poor. It is shown that the equivalence ratio fluctuations are the governing heat release rate oscillation response mechanism for this burner in the low-frequency regime. The global transfer function for equivalence ratio fluctuations derived from the measurements is characterized by a pronounced low-pass characteristic, which is in good agreement with the presented convection–diffusion mixing model.

Optical Transfer Function Measurements for Technically Premixed Flames

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Schuermans ◽  
Felix Guethe ◽  
Wolfgang Mohr
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Inverse Method ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Acoustic Method ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Optical Transfer Function ◽  
Information Measurement ◽  
Combustion Systems

This paper deals with a novel approach for measuring thermo-acoustic transfer functions. These transfer functions are essential to predict the acoustic behavior of gas turbine combustion systems. Thermoacoustic prediction has become an essential step in the development process of low-NOx combustion systems. The proposed method is particularly useful in harsh environments. It makes use of simultaneous measurement of the chemiluminescence of different species in order to obtain the heat release fluctuations via an inverse method. Generally, the heat release fluctuation has two contributions: one due to equivalence ratio fluctuations, the other due to modulations of mass flow of mixture entering the reaction zone. Because the chemiluminescence of one single species depends differently on the two contributions, it is not possible to quantitatively estimate the heat based on this information. Measurement of the transfer matrix based on a purely acoustic method provides quantitative results, independent of the nature of the interaction mechanism. However, this method is difficult to apply in industrial full-scale experiments. The method developed in this work uses the chemiluminescence time traces of several species. After calibration, an over-determined inverse method is used to calculate the two heat release contributions from the time traces. The optical method proposed here has the advantage that it does not only provide quantitative heat release fluctuations, but it also quantifies the underlying physical mechanisms that cause the heat release fluctuations: it shows what part of the heat release is caused by equivalence ratio fluctuations and what part by flame front dynamics. The method has been tested on a full scale, swirl stabilized gas turbine burner. Comparison with a purely acoustic method validated the concept.

Comparison of Flame Transfer Functions Acquired by Chemiluminescence and Density Fluctuation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Peterleithner ◽  
Riccardo Basso ◽  
Franz Heitmeir ◽  
Jakob Woisetschläger ◽  
Raimund Schlüßler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Turbulent Flame ◽  
Time Derivative ◽  
Density Fluctuations ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Partially Premixed Flames ◽  
Partially Premixed ◽  
Premixed Turbulent Flame ◽  
First Time

The goal of this study was to measure the Flame Transfer Function of a perfectly and a partially premixed turbulent flame by means of Laser Interferometric Vibrometry. For the first time, this technique is used to detect integral heat release fluctuations. The results were compared to classical OH*-chemiluminescence measurements. Effects of equivalence ratio waves and vortex rollup were found within those flames and were then investigated by means of time resolved planar CH*/OH*-chemiluminescence and Frequency modulated Doppler global velocimetry. This work is motivated by the difficulties chemiluminescence encounters when faced with partially premixed flames including equivalence ratio waves and flame stretching. LIV, recording the time derivative of the density fluctuations as line-of-sight data, is not affected by these flame properties.

Thermoacoustic Modeling of a Gas Turbine Using Transfer Functions Measured Under Full Engine Pressure

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Schuermans ◽  
Felix Guethe ◽  
Douglas Pennell ◽  
Daniel Guyot ◽  
Christian Oliver Paschereit
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Optical Technique ◽  
Optical Techniques ◽  
Acoustic Technique

Thermoacoustic transfer functions of a full-scale gas turbine burner operating under full engine pressure have been measured. The excitation of the high-pressure test facility was done using a siren that modulated a part of the combustion airflow. Pulsation probes have been used to record the acoustic response of the system to this excitation. In addition, the flame’s luminescence response was measured by multiple photomultiplier probes and a light spectrometer. Three techniques to obtain the thermoacoustic transfer function are proposed and employed: two acoustic-optical techniques and a purely acoustic technique. The first acoustical-optical technique uses one single optical signal capturing the chemiluminescence intensity of the flame as a measure for the heat release in the flame. This technique only works if heat release fluctuations in the flame have only one generic source, e.g., equivalence ratio or mass flow fluctuations. The second acoustic-optical technique makes use of the different response of the flame’s luminescence at different optical wavelengths bands to acoustic excitation. It also works, if the heat release fluctuations have two contributions, e.g., equivalence ratio and mass flow fluctuation. For the purely acoustic technique, a new method was developed in order to obtain the flame transfer function, burner transfer function, and flame source term from only three pressure transducer signals. The purely acoustic method could be validated by the results obtained from the acoustic-optical techniques. The acoustic and acoustic-optical methods have been compared and a discussion on the benefits and limitations of each is given. The measured transfer functions have been implemented into a nonlinear, three-dimensional, time domain network model of a gas turbine with an annular combustion chamber. The predicted pulsation behavior shows a good agreement with pulsation measurements on a field gas turbine.

On Generation of Entropy Waves by a Premixed Flame

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Strobio Chen ◽  
Thomas Steinbacher ◽  
Camilo Silva ◽  
Wolfgang Polifke
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Source Term ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Combustion Noise ◽  
Premixed Flame ◽  
Combustion Chambers ◽  
Thermoacoustic Instabilities ◽  
The One ◽  
Entropy Source

It is understood that so-called “entropy waves” can contribute to combustion noise and play a role in thermoacoustic instabilities in combustion chambers. The prevalent description of entropy waves generation regards the flame front as a source of heat at rest. Such a model leads — in its simplest form — to an entropy source term that depends exclusively on the unsteady response of the heat release rate and upstream velocity perturbations. However, in the case of a perfectly premixed flame, which has a constant and homogeneous fuel / air ratio and thus constant temperature of combustion products, generation of entropy waves (i.e. temperature inhomogeneities) across the flame is not expected. The present study analyzes and resolves this inconsistency, and proposes a modified version of the quasi 1-D jump relations, which regards the flame as a moving discontinuity, instead of a source at rest. It is shown that by giving up the hypothesis of a flame at rest, the entropy source term is related upto leading order in Mach number to changes in equivalence ratio only. To supplement the analytical results, numerical simulations of a Bunsen-type 2D premixed flame are analysed, with a focus on the correlations between surface area, heat release and position of the flame on the one hand, and entropy fluctuations downstream of the flame on the other. Both perfectly premixed as well as flames with fluctuating equivalence ratio are considered.

Laser vibrometry for combustion diagnostics in thermoacoustic research

2015 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Peterleithner ◽  
Jakob Woisetschläger
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Density Fluctuation ◽  
Fluid Velocity ◽  
Density Fluctuations ◽  
Laser Doppler ◽  
Acoustic Oscillations ◽  
Laser Vibrometry ◽  
Laser Doppler Vibrometry ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
Combustion Diagnostics

AbstractA novel technique for time- and space-resolved measurement of density fluctuation is presented. It is nonintrusive and based on laser Doppler vibrometry. The density fluctuations reveal information on dynamic heat release and fluid velocity. The significance of this technique is proven by recording thermo-acoustic oscillations in a model combustor.

scholarly journals Quantitative measurement of density fluctuations with a full-field laser interferometric vibrometer

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Greiffenhagen ◽  
Jakob Woisetschläger ◽  
Johannes Gürtler ◽  
Jürgen Czarske
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Local Heat ◽  
Density Fluctuations ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Ignition Process ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Lateral Direction ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Laser Interferometric

Abstract Modern, lean and premixed gas turbine combustion concepts for low NOx emissions are prone to combustion instabilities. In a previous work it was shown that laser interferometric vibrometry (LIV) can be used to record global as well as local heat release fluctuations in swirl-stabilized premixed methane flames quantitatively, if other effects influencing density are small. In this work a newly developed camera-based full-field LIV system (CLIV) was applied to a lean, confined, premixed and swirl-stabilized methane flame under atmospheric conditions. Instead of time-consuming pointwise scanning of the flame, CLIV records full-field line-of-sight density fluctuations with high spatio-temporal resolution. With a recording rate of 200 kHz, CLIV enables the visualization of highly unsteady processes in fluid dynamics and combustion research. As an example for an unsteady process, the propagation of the flame front through a lean, premixed gas volume is visualized during an ignition process. A discussion of algorithms and assumptions necessary to calculate heat release oscillations from density oscillations is presented and applied to phase-averaged data recorded with CLIV for this type of flame. As reference, OH* chemiluminescence data were recorded simultaneously. While density gradients travelling with the flow are recorded by LIV and CLIV, chemiluminescence imaging will show nothing in the absence of chemical reaction. Graphic abstract a Time-averaged density gradient within the combustor in lateral direction. b Density fluctuations along line-of-sight 7 ms after ignition. c Phase-averaged and local heat release fluctuations at 225 Hz perturbation frequency

Comparison of Flame Transfer Functions Measured With Locally Resolved Full-Field-Vibrometry and OH*-Chemiluminescence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Greiffenhagen ◽  
Jakob Woisetschläger ◽  
Johannes Gürtler ◽  
Heiko Scholz ◽  
Robert Kuschmierz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Transient Behavior ◽  
Density Fluctuations ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Single Beam ◽  
Methane Flame

Information about heat release can be used to discuss the flame dynamics and stability behavior of turbulent combustion systems. The most common experimental approach to determine heat release fluctuations is the recording of OH*-chemiluminescence. Since there is a strong dependence of chemiluminescence on strain rate and mixture gradients, spatial information must be judged with care. As already shown in previous work, Laser Interferometric Vibrometry (LIV) directly detects the line-of-sight values of density fluctuations along the laser beam axis. Neglecting friction, losses of thermal radiation and conduction and assuming only small fluctuations of pressure in the reaction zone, heat release fluctuations can be calculated directly from density fluctuations. With available LIV techniques only pointwise scanning was feasible, resulting in time-consuming traversing of the flame to cover the whole flame field. A new camera-based full-field-LIV-system, developed at Technische Universität Dresden, is capable to simultaneously determine spatial information of heat release within the whole field with only one measurement, lasting a few minutes. This leads to a dramatical reduction of measurement time and furthermore reduces experimental efforts. Since the system is able to measure the complete flame at once, it is also possible to get information about the transient behavior of the combustion process. In this work the full-field-LIV system was applied for the first time on a swirl stabilized, lean and premixed methane flame. The results of this newly developed technique were checked against those of a commercially available single-beam LIV-system. Finally, the flame transfer function (FTF) was recorded with full-field-LIV and OH*-chemiluminescence and compared against each other.

Optical Transfer Function Measurements for Technically Premixed Flames

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Schuermans ◽  
Felix Guethe ◽  
Wolfgang Mohr
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Inverse Method ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Acoustic Method ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Optical Transfer Function ◽  
Information Measurement ◽  
Combustion Systems

This paper deals with a novel approach for measuring thermoacoustic transfer functions. These transfer functions are essential to predict the acoustic behavior of gas turbine combustion systems. Thermoacoustic prediction has become an essential step in the development process of low NOx combustion systems. The proposed method is particularly useful in harsh environments. It makes use of simultaneous measurement of the chemiluminescence of different species in order to obtain the heat release fluctuations via inverse method. Generally, the heat release fluctuation has two contributions: one due to equivalence ratio fluctuations, and the other due to modulations of mass flow of mixture entering the reaction zone. Because the chemiluminescence of one single species depends differently on the two contributions, it is not possible to quantitatively estimate the heat based on this information. Measurement of the transfer matrix based on a purely acoustic method provides quantitative results, independent of the nature of the interaction mechanism. However, this method is difficult to apply in industrial full-scale experiments. The method developed in this work uses the chemiluminescence time traces of several species. After calibration, an overdetermined inverse method is used to calculate the two heat release contributions from the time traces. The optical method proposed here has the advantage that it does not only provide quantitative heat release fluctuations but it also quantifies the underlying physical mechanisms that cause the heat release fluctuations: It shows what part of the heat release is caused by equivalence ratio fluctuations and what part by flame front dynamics. The method was tested on a full scale swirl-stabilized gas turbine burner. Comparison with a purely acoustic method validated the concept.

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