Optimal Control Experimentation of Compression Trajectories for a Liquid Piston Air Compressor

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzad A. Shirazi ◽  
Mohsen Saadat ◽  
Bo Yan ◽  
Perry Y. Li ◽  
Terry W. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Heat Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Compression Efficiency ◽  
Air Compressor ◽  
Compression Time ◽  
Liquid Piston

Air compressor is the critical part of a Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) system. Efficient and fast compression of air from ambient to a pressure ratio of 200–300 is a challenging problem due to the trade-off between efficiency and power density. Compression efficiency is mainly affected by the amount of heat transfer between the air and its surrounding during the compression. One way to increase heat transfer is to implement an optimal compression trajectory, i.e., a unique trajectory maximizing the compression efficiency for a given compression time and compression ratio. The main part of the heat transfer model is the convective heat transfer coefficient (h) which in general is a function of local air velocity, air density and air temperature. Depending on the model used for heat transfer, different optimal compression profiles can be achieved. Hence, a good understanding of real heat transfer between air and its surrounding wall inside the compression chamber is essential in order to calculate the correct optimal profile. A numerical optimization approach has been proposed in previous works to calculate the optimal compression profile for a general heat transfer model. While the results show a good improvement both in the lumped air model as well as Fluent CFD analysis, they have never been experimentally proved. In this work, we have implemented these optimal compression profiles in an experimental setup that contains a compression chamber with a liquid piston driven by a water pump through a flow control valve. The optimal trajectories are found and experimented for different compression times. The actual value of heat transfer coefficient is unknown in the experiment. Therefore, an iterative procedure is employed to obtain h corresponding to each compression time. The resulted efficiency versus power density of optimal profiles is then compared with ad-hoc constant flow rate profiles showing up to %4 higher efficiency in a same power density or %30 higher power density in a same efficiency in the experiment.

scholarly journals A Heat Transfer Model for the Production of Semi-Solid Billets with the SEED Process

2006 ◽  
Vol 519-521 ◽  
pp. 1525-1532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josée Colbert ◽  
Dominique Bouchard
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
Heat Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Inverse Technique ◽  
Solid Aluminum ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
The Heat Transfer Coefficient

A heat transfer model was built to predict the temperature evolution of semi-solid aluminum billets produced with the SEED process. An inverse technique was used to characterize the heat transfer coefficient at the interface between the crucible and the semi-solid billet. The effect of several process parameters on the heat transfer coefficient was investigated with a design of experiments and the coefficient was inserted in a computer model. Numerical simulations were carried out and validated with experimental results.

Air Compression Performance Improvement via Trajectory Optimization: Experimental Validation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Saadat ◽  
Anirudh Srivatsa ◽  
Perry Y. Li ◽  
Terrence Simon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Experimental Validation ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Programming Approach ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Air Compressor ◽  
Compression Time ◽  
Liquid Piston

In an isothermal compressed air energy storage (CAES) system, it is critical that the high pressure air compressor/expander is both efficient and power dense. The fundamental trade-off between efficiency and power density is due to limitation in heat transfer capacity during the compression/expansion process. In our previous works, optimization of the compression/expansion trajectory has been proposed as a means to mitigate this trade-off. Analysis and simulations have shown that the use of optimized trajectory can increase power density significantly (2–3 fold) over ad-hoc linear or sinusoidal trajectories without sacrificing efficiency especially for high pressure ratios. This paper presents the first experimental validation of this approach in high pressure (7bar to 200bar) compression. Experiments are performed on an instrumented liquid piston compressor. Correlations for the heat transfer coefficient were obtained empirically from a set of CFD simulations under different conditions. Dynamic programming approach is used to calculate the optimal compression trajectories by minimizing the compression time for a range of desired compression efficiencies. These compression profiles (as function of compression time) are then tracked in a liquid piston air compressor testbed using a combination of feed-forward and feedback control strategy. Compared to ad-hoc constant flow rate trajectories, the optimal trajectories double the power density at 80% efficiency or improve the thermal efficiency by 5% over a range of power densities.

Heat Transfer Enhancement by Turbulent Impinging Jets

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kumagai ◽  
R. S. Amano ◽  
M. K. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Local Heat Transfer ◽  
Local Heat ◽  
Impinging Jets ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients

Abstract A numerical and experimental investigation on cooling of a solid surface was performed by studying the behavior of an impinging jet onto a fixed flat target. The local heat transfer coefficient distributions on a plate with a constant heat flux were computationally investigated with a normally impinging axisymmetric jet for nozzle diameter of 4.6mm at H/d = 4 and 10, with the Reynolds numbers of 10,000 and 40,000. The two-dimensional cylindrical Navier-Stokes equations were solved using a two-equation k-ε turbulence model. The finite-volume differencing scheme was used to solve the thermal and flow fields. The predicted heat transfer coefficients were compared with experimental measurements. A universal function based on the wave equation was developed and applied to the heat transfer model to improve calculated local heat transfer coefficients for short nozzle-to-plate distance (H/d = 4). The differences between H/d = 4 and 10 due to the correlation among heat transfer coefficient, kinetic energy and pressure were investigated for the impingement region. Predictions by the present model show good agreement with the experimental data.

1D Heat Transfer Model for the Chain Section of a Lime Kiln

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Massad ◽  
Samer Hassan ◽  
Masahiro Kawaji ◽  
Honghi N. Tran
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Conduction Model ◽  
Chain System ◽  
Lime Kiln ◽  
Lime Mud ◽  
Axial Temperature

This work was aimed at gaining a better understanding of heat transfer within lime kilns, by both experiments and detailed modeling of heat transfer phenomena in the chain section. Experiments were conducted using a laboratory mockup of a rotating kiln to obtain convective heat transfer coefficient data for cooling of a steel rod in dry or wet lime mud. For moisture contents of 0% and 30%, the mud heat transfer coefficient was determined to be 170 and 320 W/m2°C, respectively. A 1-D, unsteady heat conduction model was used to predict the temperature variations of all the chain rings in the chain system and calculate the amount of heat transferred by each chain ring to the lime mud. A thermal model was then developed to predict the steady axial temperature profiles of lime mud, gas and kiln wall throughout a rotating lime kiln equipped with a typical chain system.

An Analytical Model for Bubble Growth and Heat Transfer in Microchannels

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Cerza ◽  
Sonia M. F. Garcia ◽  
Joshua L. Nickerson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Bubble Growth ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Microchannel Cooling ◽  
Convection Schemes

Forced liquid convection microchannel cooling systems present an alternative to the forced air-convection schemes and offer higher thermal performance. With regard to forced liquid convection, two-phase convection offers superior performance to liquid only convection. This paper presents results developed from a bubble heat transfer growth model applied to microchannel geometry and incorporates these results into a model for the averaged bubble heat transfer coefficient. Results are shown for water and FC-72. The bubble heat transfer model shows that the bubble growth rates and subsequent averaged heat transfer coefficient are functions of the film thickness between the bubble and the microchannel wall, the slip velocity between the bubble and the fluid comprising the bubble base, the wall heat flux and the subsequent liquid superheat in the microchannel just upstream of the bubble leading edge.

Combustion and Heat Transfer in 300MW Oxy-Fired CFBB

2011 ◽  
Vol 354-355 ◽  
pp. 369-375
Author(s):  
Chun Bo Wang ◽  
Xiao Fei Ma ◽  
Jiao Zhang ◽  
Jin Gui Sheng ◽  
Hong Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
External Heat ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Heat Transfer Characteristics ◽  
Operation Condition ◽  
Transfer Capability ◽  
The Heat Transfer Coefficient

A combustion and heat transfer model in oxy-fired CFBB was set. Particle diameter, voidage of the bed ,etc, was analyzed with 30%, 50%, and 70% oxygen. Take a 300MW CFBB for example, the heat transfer characteristics in furnace were numerical simulated. In the sparse zone, heat transfer coefficient is proportional to oxygen concentration at the same voidage of the bed; under the same operation condition, the heat transfer coefficient in CFB increases with the voidage of the bed at first, then it decreases. It was found the heat transfer capability decrease due to the higher concentration of oxygen. It is necessary to set an external heat exchanger to keep a normal combustion

scholarly journals Effects on Heat Transfer Coefficient and Adiabatic Effectiveness in Combined Backside and Film Cooling With Short-Hole Geometry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renzo La Rosa ◽  
Jaideep Pandit ◽  
Wing Ng ◽  
Brett Barker
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Adiabatic Effectiveness

Abstract Heat transfer experiments were done on a flat plate to study the effect of internal counter-flow backside cooling on adiabatic film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient. In addition, the effects of density ratio (DR), blowing ratio (BR), diagonal length over diameter (L/D) ratio, and Reynolds number were studied using this new configuration. The results are compared to a conventional plenum fed case. Data were collected up to X/D = 23 where X = 0 at the holes, an S/D = 1.65 and L/D = 1 and 2. Testing was done at low L/D ratios since short holes are normally found in double wall cooling applications in turbine components. A DR of 2 was used in order to simulate engine-like conditions and this was compared to a DR of 0.92 since relevant research is done at similar low DR. The BR range of 0.5 to 1.5 was chosen to simulate turbine conditions as well. In addition, previous research shows that peak effectiveness is found within this range. Infrared (IR) thermography was used to capture temperature contours on the surface of interest and the images were calibrated using a thermocouple and data analyzed through MATLAB software. A heated secondary fluid was used as ‘coolant’ in the present study. A steady state heat transfer model was used to perform the data reduction procedure. Results show that backside cooling configuration has a higher adiabatic film cooling effectiveness when compared to plenum fed configurations at the same conditions. In addition, the trend for effectiveness with varying BR is reversed when compared with traditional plenum fed cases. Yarn flow visualization tests show that flow exiting the holes in the backside cooling configuration is significantly different when compared to flow exiting the plenum fed holes. We hypothesize that backside cooling configuration has flow exiting the holes in various directions, including laterally, and behaving similar to slot film cooling, explaining the differences in trends. Increasing DR at constant BR shows an increase in adiabatic effectiveness and HTC in both backside cooling and plenum fed configurations due to the decreased momentum of the coolant, making film attachment to the surface more probable. The effects of L/D ratio in this study were negligible since both ratios used were small. This shows that the coolant flow is still underdeveloped at both L/D ratios. The study also showed that increasing turbulence through increasing Reynolds number decreased adiabatic effectiveness.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation on Condensation of Vapor in the Presence of Non-Condensable Gas on a Vertical Tube

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengjun Zhang ◽  
Feng Shen ◽  
Xu Cheng ◽  
Xianke Meng ◽  
Dandan He
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Total Pressure ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Heat Removal ◽  
Heat Transfer Process ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
The Heat Transfer Coefficient

According to the operation conditions of time unlimited passive containment heat removal system (TUPAC), a separate effect experiment facility was established to investigate the heat transfer performance of steam condensation in presence of non-condensable gas. The effect of wall subcooling temperature, total pressure and mass fraction of the air on heat transfer process was analyzed. The heat transfer model was also developed. The results showed that the heat transfer coefficient decreased with the rising of subcooling temperature, the decreasing of the total pressure and air mass fraction. It was revealed that Dehbi’s correlation predicted the heat transfer coefficient conservatively, especially in the low pressure and low temperature region. The novel correlation was fitted by the data obtained in the following range: 0.20~0.45 MPa in pressure, 20% ~ 80% in mass fraction, 15°C ~ 45°C in temperature. The discrepancy of the correlation and experiment data was with ±20%.

Roll Wave Effects on Annular Condensing Heat Transfer in Horizontal PCCS Condenser Tube

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaya Kondo ◽  
Hideo Nakamura ◽  
Yoshinari Anoda ◽  
Sadanori Saishu ◽  
Hiroyuki Obata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Annular Flow ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Condensation Heat Transfer ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Condenser Tube ◽  
Condensing Heat Transfer ◽  
Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficient

A horizontal in-tube condensation heat exchanger is under investigation to be used for a passive containment cooling system (PCCS) of a next generation-type BWR. The flow conditions in the horizontal condenser tube were observed both visually and by local void fraction fluctuation. The observed flow regimes at a rated condition were annular flow at the tube inlet, and turned gradually into wavy flow and smooth stratified flow along the length of the tube. It was found further that frequency of the roll waves that appear on the liquid film in the annular flow is closely related to the measured local condensation heat transfer coefficient. Based on the flow observation, the roll wave frequency and measured condensation heat transfer coefficient, a model is proposed which predicts the condensation heat transfer coefficient particularly for annular flows around the tube inlet region. The proposed heat transfer model predicts well the influences of pressure, local gas-phase velocity and film thickness.

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