Experimental Study to Verify Elliptical Confidence Limit Method for Bolted Joint Tightening

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soichi Hareyama ◽  
Ken-ichi Manabe ◽  
Takayuki Shimodaira ◽  
Takashi Naganawa
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Limit ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
Equivalent Stress ◽  
Independent Random Variables ◽  
Screw Thread ◽  
Tightening Torque ◽  
Axial Tension ◽  
Rectangular Area ◽  
Shear Strain Energy ◽  
Joint Tightening

The calibrated wrench method is often used for tightening. When tightening bolted joints, it is important to apply high axial tension. However, since the axial tension is indirectly applied in this method, it varies and has a distribution in the case of tightening carried out in the production line of a factory, for example. However, the calibrated wrench method is still widely used because of the simple tool and easy standardization. In our previous papers, we analyzed and discussed the main points of this research by a theoretical approach as discussed below. Conventionally, this type of distribution has been considered to lie within a rhombus (more precisely, within a rectangular area). However, when considering the tightening torque and axial tension as independent random variables, the distribution becomes elliptical. The same idea applies to the relation between the tightening torque and the equivalent stress for a bolt axis based on shear strain energy theory. On the other hand, regarding the variation in the tightening torque (tightening work coefficient a) actually applied to a bolt, it was reported by Bickford, Kawasaki, and others that it can vary by 15% or more from the target (indicated) tightening torque. However, the torques for wrenches used at actual assembly sites or under lubricated conditions were not reported. Therefore, it is necessary to experimentally verify that the relation between the tightening torque and the axial tension (axial stress) and equivalent stress of a bolt axis is distributed in an ellipse. Furthermore, the screw-thread characteristics (torque coefficient, equivalent stress coefficient, coefficient of friction, etc.) during the tightening process should be clarified by an experimental approach and observation. Thus, in this study, in experiments under dry (as-obtained) and lubricated (Loctite 263) conditions, the tool (preset-type and dial-type torque wrenches) and bolt strength classification (8.8 and 10.9) were changed, and the screw-thread characteristics were observed during actual bolt tightening and the characteristics under different conditions were analyzed. It was clearly shown that the tightening torque and the axial tension (axial stress) of a bolt axis and the equivalent stress vary with an elliptical distribution rather than a rhombic distribution. Finally, the validity of the tightening theory based on the elliptical confidence limit method was also verified experimentally.

Advantage of Elliptical Confidence Limit Method for Bolted Joint Tightening Reliability

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soichi Hareyama ◽  
Ken-ichi Manabe
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
Yield Point ◽  
Confidence Limit ◽  
Equivalent Stress ◽  
Bolted Joints ◽  
Bolted Joint ◽  
Tightening Torque ◽  
Axial Tension ◽  
Control Capability ◽  
Joint Tightening

The calibrated wrench method is often used for tightening. When tightening bolted joints, it is important to apply high initial axial tension. However, since the axial tension is indirectly applied in this method, it varies and is widely distributed in the case of tightening carried out in the production line of a factory, for example. However, the calibrated wrench method is still widely used because of the simple tool used and easy standardization. Conventionally, this type of distribution has been considered to lie within a rhombus. In our previous paper, we analyzed and discussed the case when the distribution of the tightening torque and the equivalent stress of the bolted joint are considered to be independent random variables; in this case, the distribution becomes elliptical. Using this feature, a higher target tightening torque can be set than before. Finally, we established a procedure for the analysis and calculation of the optimum tightening torque for bolted joints. To ensure sufficient long-term tightening reliability to prevent breakage and loosening, a high initial axial tension and high equivalent stress can be realized using this proposed method. In this study, we analyze and discuss the case of differences in the tightening work condition (process control capability) and the tightening design condition. The tightening work coefficient a depends on the management state, the tightening working posture, and the process control capability of a tool or shop floor at a production site. According to the results of our trial calculation in Appendix A, the improvement ratio of the proposed target tightening torque is approximately 8.3% compared with the conventional method for dry friction and approximately 7.5% in the case of oily friction. Furthermore, in bolted joint tightening design, the tightening conditions under which the design conditions are satisfied are derived analytically. For the tightening design conditions of (1) a minimum axial stress of at least 50% at the yield point, and (2) an equivalent stress of 70% to 90% at the yield point, both the conventional and proposed areas of the confidence limit are obtained by precise analysis. Although the permitted limit of the tightening design condition cannot be realized by the conventional method, it can be realized by the proposed elliptical confidence limit method. Finally, we establish a method for maintaining the tightening reliability that involves applying high axial tension by increasing the target design tightening torque using the elliptical confidence limit.

Improving Tightening Reliability on Bolted Joints for Calibrated Wrench Method (An Analysis on Optimum Tightening Torque by Confidence Limit Ellipse)

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soichi Hareyama ◽  
Ken-ichi Manabe ◽  
Makoto Nakashima
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Method ◽  
Confidence Limit ◽  
Equivalent Stress ◽  
Plastic Region ◽  
Bolted Joints ◽  
Independent Random Variables ◽  
Bolted Joint ◽  
Tightening Torque ◽  
Axial Tension ◽  
Improvement Effect

On tightening bolted joints, the calibrated wrench method is used in manufacturing industries for a large amount of tightening work. It is important to give high initial axial tension in respect of tightening reliability, self-loosening prevention, the prevention from fatigue breakage, etc. In this method the axial tension of a bolt is controlled by grasping the wrench torque. However, since the axial tension grasp of this method is indirect, it varies greatly in lot of tightening. Therefore, the calibrated wrench method is not so accurate from the viewpoint of axial tension control. Turn-of-nut method, torque gradient control method and plastic-region tightening, etc. are developed as the methods of getting high initial axial tension with sufficient accuracy. But the calibrated wrench method is still widely used because of the simple tool and easy standardization. In this paper, the statistical distribution of the magnitude of the combined stress (equivalent stress) by shear strain energy criterion in bolted joint, which are tightened by the calibrated wrench method is formulated. Tightening torque and equivalent stress coefficients are considered to be two independent random variables. We show that the equivalent stress obtained by those products is distributed in a confidence limit ellipse. It is thought that distribution of this kind is conventionally varied in a rhombus. However, this proposed method shows that the distribution is varied inside the confidence limit ellipse. Now, when considering the permitted limit for working load stress on a bolted joint, ellipse-like variation has big margin to yield point than the shape of a conventional rhombus. Using this feature, we show that higher tightening target torque value can be set than before by this method. Finally, this research established the analysis and calculating routine for the optimum tightening torque on bolted joints. The merit and effect of this proposed method are as follows. 1) The optimum tightening torque can be raised by about 13% than conventional method by using the experimental thread characteristic values in this research. 2) In a large amount of tightening work, the axial tension distribution (tightening coefficient Q) and distribution of equivalent stress (tightening stress coefficient S) are presumed. The predicted value of the distribution of the Q is about 1.73, which has the 20% improvement effect compared to the conventional method. Also the distribution of the S is about 1.58, which has the similar improvement effect of 18%. As a rapid calculation, the nomograph of the optimum tightening torque can be obtained by combining the tightening torque and axial tension (axial stress) as well as the distribution of equivalent stress with dimensionless data of screw shape and strength. The example of nomograph on metric coarse screw is shown. In order to maintain the tightening reliability in bolted joints, standardization of the tightening work in a production site is very important. We think that this method is useful for establishment of the job standard (technical engineering standard).

Improvement of Axial Tension Distribution of Bolted Joints Tightened by Calibrated Wrench Method From Viewpoint of Quality and Process Control Using Elliptical Confidence Limit

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soichi Hareyama ◽  
Ken-ichi Manabe ◽  
Satoshi Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
Confidence Limit ◽  
Bolted Joints ◽  
Independent Random Variables ◽  
Tension Stress ◽  
Bolted Joint ◽  
Tightening Torque ◽  
Tension Distribution ◽  
Axial Tension

Abstract When tightening a large number of bolted joints, the calibrated wrench method is used. Since this method is indirect, the axial tension varies greatly in many cases. However, the calibrated wrench method is still widely used because of the simplicity of the tool and easy standardization. When the tightening torque and axial tension are considered to be two independent random variables, the axial tension (stress) is distributed within an elliptical confidence limit. Conventionally, it is thought that the shape of this distribution is a rhombus. Considering the permitted limit for a working load (stress) on a bolted joint, the elliptical variation has a larger margin to the yield point than that of a conventional rhombus. On the basis of this feature, we show in this paper that a higher tightening target torque and a higher axial tension can be set than before. By applying the elliptical confidence limit, one can obtain higher tightening torque and initial axial tension than the conventional values within a smaller range of variations. In this study, in the case of tightening a large number of bolted joints at factories and so forth, tightening reliability is considered as a problem associated with quality or process control and a probabilistic statistical method is investigated. Finally, we carry out analysis to establish the optimum tightening torque for bolted joints.

Design and Application of the FROMO® Preload Nut

2012 ◽  
Vol 538-541 ◽  
pp. 2718-2721
Author(s):  
Ying Liu ◽  
Jian Chu Shen
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Screw Thread ◽  
Tightening Torque ◽  
Tightening Force ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Design And Application

The design of a new pre-tensional structure(FROMO® preload nut) applied in the large size of screw thread was introduced, the preload bolt is only beared with the pure tensile stress. The pre-tightening force for the preload bolt and pre-tightening torque for the jack bolts were calculated. The practice elongation value of the preload bolt was measured, and compared with its theoretical elongation value. The result shows that: the new pre-tensional structure has adequate strength, it can control the pre-tightening force accurately with manual acting spanner, it increases efficiency and ensures the safety of operating , and which has promised the good performance in the application of the projects.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of High-Temperature Multi-Axial Fatigue

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harish Ramesh Babu ◽  
Marco Böcker ◽  
Mario Raddatz ◽  
Sebastian Henkel ◽  
Horst Biermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Biaxial Loading ◽  
Complex Geometry ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
Equivalent Stress ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Damage Development ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Axial Fatigue

Abstract Gas turbines and aircraft engines are dominated by cyclic operating modes with fatigue-related loads. This may result in the acceleration of damage development on the components. Critical components of turbine blades and discs are exposed to cyclic thermal and mechanical multi-axial fatigue. In the current work, planar-biaxial Low-Cycle-Fatigue tests are conducted using cruciform specimens at different test temperatures. The influence on the deformation and lifetime behaviour of the nickel-base disk alloy IN718 is investigated at selected cyclic proportional loading cases. The calculation of the stress and strain distribution of the cruciform specimens from the experimental data is difficult to obtain due to complex geometry and temperature gradients. Therefore, there is a need for Finite Element Simulations. A viscoplastic material model is considered to simulate the material behaviour subjected to uniaxial and the selected planar-biaxial loading conditions. At first, uniaxial simulation results are compared with the uniaxial experiment results for both batches of IN718. Then, the same material parameters are used for simulating the biaxial loading cases. The prediction of FE simulation results is in good agreement with the experimental LCF test for proportional loadings. The equivalent stress amplitude results of the biaxial simulation are compared with the uniaxial results. Furthermore, the lifetime is calculated from the simulation and by using Crossland and Sines multi-axial stress-based approaches. The Crossland model predicts fatigue life significantly better than the Sines model. Finally, the simulated lifetime results are compared with the experimental lifetime

Ein Kommentar zum mehrachsigen Spannungszustand im reibungsfrei überrollten Kontakt elastischer Körper und zur Anwendung von Vergleichsspannungshypothesen

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Jüttner ◽  
Stephan Tremmel ◽  
Martin Correns ◽  
Sandro Wartzack
Keyword(s):  
Stress State ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
Equivalent Stress ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Hertzian Contact ◽  
Stress History ◽  
Equivalent Stresses

For the assessment of a rolling contact, knowledge about the inhomogeneous multi-axial stress state as well as the limitations of available equivalent stress hypotheses are important. Therefore, this paper examines the multi-axial stress state using the example of the HERTZian contact ball/plane in order to derive the stress history for the frictionless rolling contact. Finally, the oppor tunities and limitations of the use of equivalent stresses are shown using the maximum distortion criterion as an example.

2301 Improving Research of Tightening Reliability on Bolted Joints : A Study on Optimum Tightening Torque Using Ellipse of Confidence Limit

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010.10 (0) ◽  
pp. 191-194
Author(s):  
Soichi HAREYAMA ◽  
Kazuo NAGASHIMA ◽  
Makoto NAKASHIMA ◽  
Ryuji TAKADA ◽  
Takayuki SHIMODAIRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Limit ◽  
Bolted Joints ◽  
Tightening Torque

Fuzzy Heuristic Gradient Projection for Frame Topology Optimization

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed S. Senousy ◽  
Hesham A. Hegazi ◽  
Sayed M. Metwalli
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
Equivalent Stress ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Gradient Projection ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Allowable Stress ◽  
Bending Stresses

In this paper, a new methodology to obtain an optimal structure size considering geometries nonlinearity is presented. This method makes use of Heuristic Gradient Projection method in addition to Fuzzy Logic. The Heuristic Gradient Projection (HGP) method, a previously developed method for 3D-frame design and optimization, utilizes mainly bending stress relations in order to simplify the process of iterations. HGP is based on comparing the resulting equivalent stress with the allowable stress value. The proposed Fuzzy Heuristic Gradient Projection (FHGP) approach incorporates both bending stress and axial stress when processing with the allowable stress value. The weighting factors of both axial and bending stresses are found using a Fuzzy Logic controller. Fuzzy logic is incorporated to reach an optimal solution with lesser number of function evaluations. A simple cantilever example, subjected to axial force and bending moment, is presented to illustrate this approach in addition to a 10-member planar frame that is used to prove the efficacy of the new method. FHGP approach generally results in faster convergence.

Seismic Response Analysis of LNG Storage Tank under the Vertical Earthquake Excitation

2013 ◽  
Vol 368-370 ◽  
pp. 1743-1746
Author(s):  
Li Jian Zhou ◽  
Yuan Gang Fan ◽  
Bin Gao ◽  
Xiang Ying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Seismic Response ◽  
Storage Tank ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
Equivalent Stress ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Seismic Action ◽  
Seismic Response Analysis ◽  
Earthquake Excitation ◽  
Finite Element Software

Use Adina finite element software, established the finite element model of the the volume 10000m3LNG storage tank, against the concrete outer tank of full containment type LNG storage tank vertical seismic action seismic response analysis. Take acceleration seismic input method, select the four categories venue seismic waves, LNG storage tank stress analysis of vertical seismic action, come in different earthquake LNG storage tank outer tank equivalent stress, hoop stress and axial stress distribution.

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