Gaseous Fuel Leakage From Natural Gas Infrastructure

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nohora A. Hormaza Mejia ◽  
Jack Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Gaseous Fuel ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Volumetric Heating ◽  
Fuel Leakage ◽  
Renewable Hydrogen ◽  
Transmission And Distribution ◽  
Theoretical Analyses

Hydrogen has often been studied as a possible fuel of the future due to its capabilities to support zero emissions and sustainable energy conversion. Hydrogen can be used in a fuel cell to generate electricity at high efficiencies and with zero emissions. In addition, hydrogen can be renewably produced via electrolysis reactions that are powered from otherwise curtailed renewable energy. One possible means of storing and delivering renewable hydrogen is to inject it into the existing natural gas (NG) system and thus decarbonize gas end-uses. The NG system has potential to serve as a storage, transmission and distribution system for renewably produced hydrogen. Despite the potential of hydrogen to reduce the carbon intensity of the NG system, the unique characteristics of hydrogen (low molecular weight, high diffusivity, lower volumetric heating value, propensity to embrittle pipeline materials) has led to justified concerns over the safety of introducing hydrogen blends into the NG system. While many studies have attempted to quantitatively predict leakage rates of hydrogen using classical fluid mechanics theories, such as Hagen-Poiseuille flow, there have been limited studies which quantitatively assess gaseous fuel leakage to support the predictions made from theoretical analyses and computations. In this paper we present a summary of the literature related to gaseous fuel leakage and results from preliminary experiments which support the idea that entrance effects may significantly affect gaseous fuel leakage from practical leak scenarios such as NG fittings, resulting in similar leakage rates between hydrogen and NG.

Simulation of Underground Gas Storage Feasibility in a Depleted Gas Reservoir

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamidreza Kakhsaz ◽  
Abdolhamid Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Gas Storage ◽  
Gas Reservoir ◽  
Household Energy ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas Consumption ◽  
Transmission And Distribution ◽  
High Share

Underground storage of natural gas is an inevitable necessity because of increasing growth of household energy consumption, the high share of natural gas in the energy basket, high costs of development of production resources, and refining. Considering the growth of demand and variation of natural gas consumption as a massive and inexpensive energy carrier, also unbalanced supply and demand for natural gas in cold seasons, there is a need for natural gas storage for preventing lack of gas during peak gas consumption. In this way, extra gas is injected into the underground reservoir during storage in summer and taken from that reservoir in the cold seasons. The creation of underground reservoirs for storing natural gas is scheduled to be implemented by the gas storage company and the vulnerability of the transmission and distribution system will be prevented by storing surplus gas in summer for reprocing in winter.

scholarly journals Analysis of Natural Gas Consumption Interdependence for Polish Industrial Consumers on the Basis of an Econometric Model

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7649
Author(s):  
Tomasz Chrulski ◽  
Mariusz Łaciak
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Gaseous Fuel ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas Consumption

The transmission of natural gas is a key element of the Polish energy system. The published data of the Polish distribution system operators and the transmission system operator on the volume of gaseous fuel transmitted indicate a growing trend in the consumption of energy produced from natural gas. In connection with the energy transformation, switching energy generation sources from hard coal to natural gas in Poland, it is important for transmission operators to know the future demand for gaseous fuel. The aim of the article is to attempt to develop an econometric model related to the consumption of gaseous fuel by Polish entrepreneurs. The knowledge therein may be useful for making business decisions related to the possible expansion of the transmission system, and thus investing financial resources for this purpose. This knowledge will also provide quantitative information related to the interest in gaseous fuel among industrial consumers and the analysis of the trend of natural gas consumption in Poland in the aspect of energy transition. The intention of the publication was to determine the macroeconomic indicators that strongly affect natural gas consumption by the Polish industry and the quantitative growth of consumption depending on changes in these indicators. The results showed that the highest correlation of the growth of natural gas consumption is related to the production of chemistry, the chemical industry, and the power industry.

Evaluasi Prediksi Higher Heating Value (HHV) Biomassa Berdasarkan Analisis Proksimat

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Made Dirgantara ◽  
Karelius Karelius ◽  
Marselin Devi Ariyanti, Sry Ayu K. Tamba
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Bomb Calorimeter ◽  
Hhv Prediction

Abstrak – Biomassa merupakan salah satu energi terbarukan yang sangat mudah ditemui, ramah lingkungan dan cukup ekonomis. Keberadaan biomassa dapat dimaanfaatkan sebagai pengganti bahan bakar fosil, baik itu minyak bumi, gas alam maupun batu bara. Analisi diperlukan sebagai dasar biomassa sebagai energi seperti proksimat dan kalor. Analisis terpenting untuk menilai biomassa sebagai bahan bakar adalah nilai kalori atau higher heating value (HHV). HHV secara eksperimen diukur menggunakan bomb calorimeter, namun pengukuran ini kurang efektif, karena memerlukan waktu serta biaya yang tinggi. Penelitian mengenai prediksi HHV berdasarkan analisis proksimat telah dilakukan sehingga dapat mempermudah dan menghemat biaya yang diperlukan peneliti. Dalam makalah ini dibahas evaluasi persamaan untuk memprediksi HHV berdasarkan analisis proksimat pada biomassa berdasarkan data dari penelitian sebelumnya. Prediksi nilai HHV menggunakan lima persamaan yang dievaluasi dengan 25 data proksimat biomassa dari penelitian sebelumnya, kemudian dibandingkan berdasarkan nilai error untuk mendapatkan prediksi terbaik. Hasil analisis menunjukan, persamaan A terbaik di 7 biomassa, B di 6 biomassa, C di 6 biomassa, D di 5 biomassa dan E di 1 biomassa.Kata kunci: bahan bakar, biomassa, higher heating value, nilai error, proksimat  Abstract – Biomass is a renewable energy that is very easy to find, environmentally friendly, and quite economical. The existence of biomass can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels, both oil, natural gas, and coal. Analyzes are needed as a basis for biomass as energy such as proximate and heat. The most critical analysis to assess biomass as fuel is the calorific value or higher heating value (HHV). HHV is experimentally measured using a bomb calorimeter, but this measurement is less effective because it requires time and high costs. Research on the prediction of HHV based on proximate analysis has been carried out so that it can simplify and save costs needed by researchers. In this paper, the evaluation of equations is discussed to predict HHV based on proximate analysis on biomass-based on data from previous studies. HHV prediction values using five equations were evaluated with 25 proximate biomass data from previous studies, then compared based on error value to get the best predictions. The analysis shows that Equation A predicts best in 7 biomass, B in 6 biomass, C in 6 biomass, D in 5 biomass, and E in 1 biomass. Key words: fuel, biomass, higher heating value, error value, proximate 

scholarly journals Analysis of Various Options for Balancing Power Systems’ Peak Load

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Henryk Majchrzak ◽  
Michał Kozioł
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
End Users ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Continuous Energy ◽  
Storage Solutions ◽  
Transmission And Distribution

The balancing of the power of the Polish Power System (KSE) is a key element in ensuring the safety of electric energy supplies to end users. This article presents an analysis of the power demand in power systems (PS), with emphasis on the typical power variability both in subsequent hours of the day and on particular days and in particular months each year. The methodology for calculating the costs of electric energy undelivered to the end users and the amount of these costs for KSE is presented. Different possibilities have been analyzed for balancing power systems’ peak load and assumptions have been formulated for calculating the amount of the related costs. On this basis, a comparative analysis has been made of the possibility to balance peak load using operators’ system services, trans-border connections, and various energy storage solutions. On the basis of the obtained results, optimal tools have been proposed for market-based influence from transmission and distribution system operators on energy market participants’ behaviors in order to ensure the power systems’ operating safety and continuous energy deliveries to end users.

Pipeline Instrumentation: The British Gas National Transmission System

1987 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
P Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Instrument Engineer ◽  
Transmission And Distribution

The transmission and distribution system operated by British Gas plc is the largest integrated pipeline system in Europe. The whole system comprises a national transmission system which carries gas from five terminals to the twelve gas regions. Each region in turn carries the gas through a regional transmission system into a distribution grid and thence onto its customers. The national, regional and distribution system all present the instrument engineer with different technical challenges because of the way in which they have been built and are operated, however, it is simplest to characterise them by their process conditions. The operating pressure is highest in the national transmission system being up to 75 bar, in the regional transmission system the pressure is usually less than 37 bar, and in the distribution grid it is less than 7 bar. In general, the pipe diameters decrease from the national system downwards, and the measured flowrates are lowest in the distribution grids. This paper is concerned only with instrumentation on the national transmission system. The discussion will cover current technology which is typical of that being installed at present, and concentrates on the more commonly found instrumentation. The paper begins with a brief history of development of the national transmission system and a description of how it is operated. This is followed by a discussion on the application of computers to the control of unmanned installations. A section concerning the measurement of pressure and its application to the control of the system comes next. The main part of the paper contains an analysis of high accuracy flowmetering and the paper concludes with some comments on developments in instrumentation and their application to changing operation of the national transmission system.

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