Analytical Modeling of Energy Consumption and Thermal Performance of Data Center Cooling Systems: From the Chip to the Environment

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhusudan Iyengar ◽  
Roger R. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
It Industry ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Data Center Cooling ◽  
Total Data ◽  
Heat Transfer Phenomenon

The increasingly ubiquitous nature of computer and internet usage in our society, has driven advances in semiconductor technology, server packaging, and cluster level optimizations, in the IT industry. Not surprisingly this has an impact on our societal infrastructure with respect to providing the requisite energy to fuel these power hungry machines. Cooling has been found to contribute to about a third of the total data center energy consumption, and is the focus of this study. In this paper we develop and present physics based models to allow the prediction of the energy consumption and heat transfer phenomenon in a data center. These models allow the estimation of the microprocessor junction and server inlet air temperatures for different flow and temperature conditions at various parts of the data center cooling infrastructure. For a case study example considered, the chiller energy use was the biggest fraction of about 41% and also the most inefficient. The room air conditioning was the second largest energy component and also the second most inefficient. A sensitivity analysis of plant and chiller energy efficiency with chiller set point temperature and outdoor air conditions is also presented.

Analytical Modeling for Thermodynamic Characterization of Data Center Cooling Systems

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhusudan Iyengar ◽  
Roger Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
It Industry ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Data Center Cooling ◽  
Total Data ◽  
Heat Transfer Phenomenon

The increasingly ubiquitous nature of computer and internet usage in our society has driven advances in semiconductor technology, server packaging, and cluster level optimizations in the IT industry. Not surprisingly this has an impact on our societal infrastructure with respect to providing the requisite energy to fuel these power hungry machines. Cooling has been found to contribute about a third of the total data center energy consumption and is the focus of this study. In this paper we develop and present physics based models to allow the prediction of the energy consumption and heat transfer phenomenon in a data center. These models allow the estimation of the microprocessor junction and server inlet air temperatures for different flows and temperature conditions at various parts of the data center cooling infrastructure. For the case study example considered, the chiller energy use was the biggest fraction of about 41% and was also the most inefficient. The room air conditioning was the second largest energy component and was also the second most inefficient. A sensitivity analysis of plant and chiller energy efficiencies with chiller set point temperature and outdoor air conditions is also presented.

Achieving Ultra-Low Energy Consumption in Data Center Mechanical Systems Through Indirect Airside Economization

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Comperchio ◽  
Sameer Behere
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Mechanical Systems ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Vapor Compression ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Air Temperatures

Data center cooling systems have long been burdened by high levels of redundancy requirements, resulting in inefficient system designs to satisfy a risk-adverse operating environment. As attitudes, technologies, and sustainability awareness change within the industry, data centers are beginning to realize higher levels of energy efficiency without sacrificing operational security. By exploiting the increased temperature and humidity tolerances of the information technology equipment (ITE), data center mechanical systems can leverage ambient conditions to operate in economization mode for increased times during the year. Economization provides one of the largest methodologies for data centers to reduce their energy consumption and carbon footprint. As outside air temperatures and conditions become more favorable for cooling the data center, mechanical cooling through vapor-compression cycles is reduced or entirely eliminated. One favorable method for utilizing low outside air temperatures without sacrificing indoor air quality is through deploying rotary heat wheels to transfer heat between the data center return air and outside air without introducing outside air into the white space. A metal corrugated wheel is rotated through two opposing airstreams with varying thermal gradients to provide a net cooling effect at significantly reduced electrical energy over traditional mechanical cooling topologies. To further extend the impacts of economization, data centers are also able to significantly raise operating temperatures beyond what is traditionally found in comfort cooling applications. The increase in the dry bulb temperature provided to the inlet of the information technology equipment, as well as an elevated temperature rise across the equipment significantly reduces the energy use within a data center.

Data Center Cooling Efficiency With Simulation-Based Optimization

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent M. Billet ◽  
Christopher M. Healey ◽  
James W. VanGilder ◽  
Zachary M. Pardey
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Cooling Efficiency ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Data Center Cooling ◽  
Efficient Control

The efficient control of cooling for data centers is an issue of broad economic importance due to the significant energy consumption of data centers. Many solutions attempt to optimize the control of the cooling equipment with temperature, pressure, or airflow sensors. We propose a simulation-based approach to optimize the cooling energy consumption and show how this approach can be implemented with simple power-consumption models. We also provide a real-life case study to demonstrate how energy saving cooling setpoints can be found using calibrated simulations and smooth metamodels of the system.

scholarly journals Evaluation of CO2 emissions and energy use with different container terminal layouts

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Arif Budiyanto ◽  
Muhammad Hanzalah Huzaifi ◽  
Simon Juanda Sirait ◽  
Putu Hangga Nan Prayoga
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Container Terminal ◽  
Container Terminals ◽  
Future Planning ◽  
Container Handling

AbstractSustainable development of container terminals is based on energy efficiency and reduction in CO2 emissions. This study estimated the energy consumption and CO2 emissions in container terminals according to their layouts. Energy consumption was calculated based on utility data as well as fuel and electricity consumptions for each container-handling equipment in the container terminal. CO2 emissions were estimated using movement modality based on the number of movements of and distance travelled by each container-handling equipment. A case study involving two types of container terminal layouts i.e. parallel and perpendicular layouts, was conducted. The contributions of each container-handling equipment to the energy consumption and CO2 emissions were estimated and evaluated using statistical analysis. The results of the case study indicated that on the CO2 emissions in parallel and perpendicular layouts were relatively similar (within the range of 16–19 kg/TEUs). These results indicate that both parallel and perpendicular layouts are suitable for future ports based on sustainable development. The results can also be used for future planning of operating patterns and layout selection in container terminals.

A methodology to estimate baseline energy use and quantify savings in electrical energy consumption in higher education institution buildings: Case study, Federal University of Itajubá (UNIFEI)

2020 ◽  
Vol 244 ◽  
pp. 118551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Alberto Ocampo Batlle ◽  
José Carlos Escobar Palacio ◽  
Electo Eduardo Silva Lora ◽  
Arnaldo Martín Martínez Reyes ◽  
Maurish Melian Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy Consumption ◽  
Higher Education Institution

scholarly journals Controlled Mechanical Ventilation in Buildings: A Comparison between Energy Use and Primary Energy among Twenty Different Devices

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lamberto Tronchin ◽  
Kristian Fabbri ◽  
Chiara Bertolli
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Controlled Mechanical Ventilation

Indoor air quality (IAQ) of buildings is a problem that affects both comfort for occupants and the energy consumption of the structure. Controlled mechanical ventilation systems (CMVs) make it possible to control the air exchange rate. When using CMV systems, it is interesting to investigate the relationship between the useful thermal energy requirements for ventilation and the energy consumption of these systems. This paper addresses whether there is a correlation between these two parameters. The methodology used in this work involves the application of equations of technical Italian regulations UNI/TS 11300 applied to a case study. The case study is represented by a 54 m3 room, which is assumed to have three CMV systems installed (extraction, insertion, insertion and extraction) for twenty different devices available on the market. Afterwards, simulations of useful thermal energy requirements QH,ve and primary energy EP,V were performed according to the electrical power of each fan W and the ventilation flow. The results show that the two values are not linearly correlated: it is not possible to clearly associate the operating cost for CMV systems according to building requirements. The study also shows that CMV systems are particularly efficient for high-performance buildings, where there is no leakage that can be ascribed to windows infiltrations.

Comparison of Deep Reinforcement Learning Algorithms in Data Center Cooling Management: A Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianyang Hua ◽  
Jianxiong Wan ◽  
Shan Jaffry ◽  
Zeeshan Rasheed ◽  
Leixiao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Data Center Cooling
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