Bridging the Gap Between Qualitative, Semi-Quantitative and Quantitative Risk Assessment of Pipeline Geohazards: The Role of Engineering Judgment

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Rod Read ◽  
Moness Rizkalla
Keyword(s):  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Lateral Spreading ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Assessment Engineering ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Pipeline Route ◽  
Permanent Ground Deformation ◽  
Fault Displacement

Geohazards are threats of a geological, geotechnical, hydrological or seismic/tectonic nature that can potentially damage pipelines and other infrastructure. Depending on the physiographic setting of a particular pipeline, a broad range of geohazards may be possible along the pipeline route. However, only a limited number of geohazards such as landslides, fault displacement, mining-induced subsidence, liquefaction-induced lateral spreading, and hydrological scour, which can result in permanent ground deformation or exposure of the pipeline to direct impact, typically represent credible threats to pipeline integrity. Identifying potential geohazard occurrences and estimating the likely severity of each occurrence in relation to pipeline integrity is an integral part of geohazard management, and overall risk management of pipelines. Methods for identifying and assessing the potential likelihood and severity of geohazards vary significantly, from purely expert judgment-based approaches relying largely on visual observations of geomorphology to analytically-intense methods incorporating phenomenological or mechanistic models and data from monitoring and field characterization. Each of these methods can be used to assess hazard and risk associated with specific geohazards in terms of qualitative, semi-quantitative, or quantitative expressions as long as uncertainty and assumptions are understood and communicated as part of the assessment. Engineering judgment is highlighted as an essential component to varying degrees of each geohazard assessment approach.

Applicability of Mandrel Elbow to High Pressure Gas Pipeline

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Horikawa ◽  
Hideo Toma ◽  
Yasuo Yabe ◽  
Mitsunori Tsukidate ◽  
Nobuhisa Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Local Buckling ◽  
Lateral Spreading ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Design Code ◽  
Seismic Design Code ◽  
Permanent Ground Deformation

Applicability of mandrel elbows to high pressure gas pipelines is discussed in this paper taking into account the seismic integrity to withstand liquefaction-induced permanent ground deformation. Bending test and FE analysis of X65, 45 deg. mandrel elbow with diameter of 24-in were conducted in order to evaluate the seismic integrity for lateral spreading due to liquefaction. Local buckling behaviors of the closing-mode test was simulated by FEA and calculation of existing seismic design code for high pressure pipelines can estimate maximum bending angle as limit state of the mandrel elbow conservatively. The results clarify that mandrel elbows can be applied to high pressure pipelines using conventional design method including the design code and FEA. In addition, buckling behaviors of the mandrel elbow were similar to those of high-frequency induction bends which have been used for high pressure pipelines in Japan.

The Role of Aerial Photograph Interpretation in Natural Hazard and Risk Assessment

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selina Tribe ◽  
Mark Leir
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Photograph ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Pipeline Route ◽  
Hazard And Risk Assessment

Aerial photograph interpretation is an accurate and economical method of assessing terrain conditions and natural hazards affecting pipelines and other linear facilities. Completed in advance of vehicle and helicopter-based reconnaissance, it provides a comprehensive site overview that cannot be obtained at ground level. Aerial photograph interpretation helps construct and confirm preliminary hazard and stream-crossing inventories, understand hazard mechanisms, and estimate hazard volume and activity. Time series photo interpretation uses several sets of aerial photographs taken of the same area in different years to track changes in terrain, stream patterns and land-use over time. In addition, aerial photographs are superior navigation tools in the field. These points are illustrated using examples from pipelines in British Columbia and Alberta. This work will be of interest to managers of pipelines throughout western Canada, and to those involved with pipeline route selection through mountainous regions.

scholarly journals Impacts of surface fault rupture on residential structures during the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake, New Zealand

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russ J. Van Dissen ◽  
Timothy Stahl ◽  
Andrew King ◽  
Jarg R. Pettinga ◽  
Clark Fenton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slope Failure ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Local Strain ◽  
Fault Rupture ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Lateral Offset ◽  
Permanent Ground Deformation ◽  
Fault Displacement ◽  
Kaikoura Earthquake

Areas that experience permanent ground deformation in earthquakes (e.g., surface fault rupture, slope failure, and/or liquefaction) typically sustain greater damage and loss compared to areas that experience strong ground shaking alone. The 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake generated ≥220 km of surface fault rupture. The amount and style of surface rupture deformation varied considerably, ranging from centimetre-scale distributed folding to metre-scale discrete rupture. About a dozen buildings – mainly residential (or residential-type) structures comprising single-storey timber-framed houses, barns and wool sheds with lightweight roofing material – were directly impacted by surface fault rupture with the severity of damage correlating with both local discrete fault displacement and local strain. However, none of these buildings collapsed. This included a house built directly atop a discrete rupture that experienced ~10 m of lateral offset. The foundation and flooring system of this structure allowed decoupling of much of the ground deformation from the superstructure thus preventing collapse. Nevertheless, buildings directly impacted by surface faulting suffered greater damage than comparable structures immediately outside the zone of surface rupture deformation. From a life-safety standpoint, all these buildings performed satisfactorily and provide insight into construction styles that could be employed to facilitate non-collapse performance resulting from surface fault rupture and, in certain instances, even post-event functionality.

Deformation capacity of buried hybrid-segmented pipelines under longitudinal permanent ground deformation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gersena Banushi ◽  
Brad Wham
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Lateral Spreading ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Axial Deformation ◽  
Pipe System ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Pipeline Systems ◽  
Permanent Ground Deformation

Innovative hybrid-segmented pipeline systems are being used more frequently in practice to improve the performance of water distribution pipelines subjected to permanent ground deformation (PGD), such as seismic-induced landslides, soil lateral spreading, and fault rupture. These systems employ joints equipped with anti-pull-out restraints, providing the ability to displace axially, before locking up and behaving as a continuous pipeline. To assess the seismic response of hazard-resistant pipeline systems equipped with enlarged joint restraints to longitudinal PGD, this study develops numerical and semi-analytical models, considering the nonlinear properties of the system, calibrated from large-scale test data. The deformation capacities of two hybrid-segmented pipelines are investigated: (1) hazard-resilient ductile iron (DI) pipe, and (2) oriented polyvinylchloride (PVCO) pipe with joint restraints capable of axial deformation. The numerical analysis demonstrates that, for the conditions investigated, the maximum elongation capacity of the analyzed DI pipe system is greater than that of the PVCO pipeline. The implemented semi-analytical approach revealed that the pipeline performance strongly improves by increasing the allowable joint displacement. Comparison of the numerical results with analytical solutions reported in recent research publications showed excellent agreement between the two approaches, highlighting the importance of assigning appropriate axial friction parameters for these systems.

An investigation of methods for Fault Displacement Hazard Assessment for offshore studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Fiorini
Keyword(s):  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Seismic Hazard Assessment ◽  
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Permanent Ground Deformation ◽  
Fault Displacement

<p>The expected surface displacement in the aftermath of an earthquake is an important issue to consider, among others, for pipeline damage. While estimates of permanent ground deformation after an earthquake event is often performed nowadays through the acquisition of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) scenes, this method is only applicable to onshore regions.</p><p>In this work we explore possible methodologies for fault hazard assessment to be applied in offshore regions.</p><p>Methods to estimate the surface rupture hazard for faults of known location and geometry are reviewed, such as the Okada equations available in the Coulomb3 software. However since fault data may be lacking or scarce in offshore areas we also explore the availability of methods to estimate a probabilistic surface rupture assessment, to be applied within the same framework of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment studies. A simple application of both methods is presented in a hypothetic case study where an early warning system for pipeline damage inspection is required.</p>

Failure Analysis Of Buried Gas Pipelines Crossing Seismic Faults

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 781-790
Author(s):  
M. Rizwan Akram ◽  
Ali Yesilyurt ◽  
A.Can. Zulfikar ◽  
F. Göktepe
Keyword(s):  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Seismic Fault ◽  
Fault Parameters ◽  
Dip Angle ◽  
Permanent Ground Deformation ◽  
Recent Earthquakes

Research on buried gas pipelines (BGPs) has taken an important consideration due to their failures in recent earthquakes. In permanent ground deformation (PGD) hazards, seismic faults are considered as one of the major causes of BGPs failure due to accumulation of impermissible tensile strains. In current research, four steel pipes such as X-42, X-52, X-60, and X-70 grades crossing through strike-slip, normal and reverse seismic faults have been investigated. Firstly, failure of BGPs due to change in soil-pipe parameters have been analyzed. Later, effects of seismic fault parameters such as change in dip angle and angle between pipe and fault plane are evaluated. Additionally, effects due to changing pipe class levels are also examined. The results of current study reveal that BGPs can resist until earthquake moment magnitude of 7.0 but fails above this limit under the assumed geotechnical properties of current study. In addition, strike-slip fault can trigger early damage in BGPs than normal and reverse faults. In the last stage, an early warning system is proposed based on the current procedure. 

Assessment Approach of Enterprise Readiness to Digital Transformation

2019 ◽  
pp. 145-173
Author(s):  
Anna Zotova ◽  
Valentina Mantulenko
Keyword(s):  
Technology Use ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Readiness For Change ◽  
Effective Work ◽  
Information Technology Use ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Role Of Information

This chapter is devoted to information technology use in the organization activities in the context of its readiness for change. The authors substantiate the importance of information resources for business and study the existing approaches to formation of information environment in the organization and the role of information systems in the decisions making process. They also consider factors that influence the success of projects on the introduction of information technologies in business activities, as well as principles determining the effective work in this field. The chapter presents the analysis results of specific features of the information technologies integration with various business processes in Russian companies and the methodology developed by the authors for a comprehensive evaluation of companies' readiness for change. Particular attention is paid to the aspect of developing a complex system of indicators for each factor that determines the effectiveness of the integrated information system formation and use.

scholarly journals Emotional Responses to Stressors in Everyday Life Predict Long-Term Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 402-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruixue Zhaoyang ◽  
Stacey B Scott ◽  
Joshua M Smyth ◽  
Jee-Eun Kang ◽  
Martin J Sliwinski
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Ecological Momentary

Abstract Background Individuals’ emotional responses to stressors in everyday life are associated with long-term physical and mental health. Among many possible risk factors, the stressor-related emotional responses may play an important role in future development of depressive symptoms. Purpose The current study examined how individuals’ positive and negative emotional responses to everyday stressors predicted their subsequent changes in depressive symptoms over 18 months. Methods Using an ecological momentary assessment approach, participants (n = 176) reported stressor exposure, positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) five times a day for 1 week (n = 5,483 observations) and provided longitudinal reports of depressive symptoms over the subsequent 18 months. A multivariate multilevel latent growth curve model was used to directly link the fluctuations in emotions in response to momentary stressors in everyday life with the long-term trajectory of depressive symptoms. Results Adults who demonstrated a greater difference in stressor-related PA (i.e., relatively lower PA on stressor vs. nonstressor moments) reported larger increases in depressive symptoms over 18 months. Those with greater NA responses to everyday stressors (i.e., relatively higher NA on stressor vs. nonstressor moments), however, did not exhibit differential long-term changes in depressive symptoms. Conclusions Adults showed a pattern consistent with both PA and NA responses to stressors in everyday life, but only the stressor-related changes in PA (but not in NA) predicted the growth of depressive symptoms over time. These findings highlight the important—but often overlooked—role of positive emotional responses to everyday stressors in long-term mental health.

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