Systematization of graphically plotted published spectral functions of weakly bound water complexes

AbstractHydrohematite beside ‘weakly bound’ water removable at 160 – 200° C, contains about 3–4.5 % of tightly held HAccurate measurements of X-ray reflection intensities of hydrohematites revealed a decrease in intensity of all reflections due to FeThe results obtained agree well with the calculated values for the model assumed and fully confirm the defect character of hydrohematite structure. Thus the formula of hydrohematite should be written Fe

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Vibrational spectroscopic study of three Mg–Ni mineral series in white and greenish clay infillings of the New Caledonian Ni-silicate ores

European Journal of Mineralogy ◽

10.5194/ejm-33-743-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 743-763

Author(s):

Emmanuel Fritsch ◽

Etienne Balan ◽

Sabine Petit ◽

Farid Juillot

Keyword(s):

Near Infrared ◽

Bound Water ◽

Oscillatory Zoning ◽

Weakly Bound ◽

Layer Silicates ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Mineral Phases ◽

Vibrational Bands ◽

The Individual ◽

Individual Particles

Abstract. This study presents and discusses infrared spectroscopic data of well characterised, naturally occurring trioctahedral layer silicates of the serpentine (Srp), talc (Tlc), and sepiolite (Sep) mineral groups, which are found in reactivated faults and sequences of white and green clay veins (deweylite and garnierite) of the New Caledonian Ni-silicate ores. Bands assigned to the OH stretching vibrations of these 1:1 and 2:1 layer silicates in both the fundamental and first overtone regions of mid- and near-infrared (MIR and NIR) spectra, respectively, are compared to those reported in the literature for synthetic Mg–Ni series of the Srp and Tlc mineral groups. They are also presented according to the sequences of infillings recognised in the white and green veins of the Ni-silicate ores. The study reveals that serpentine-like (SL) minerals of the first sequences of clay infillings are residues of larger crystals of serpentines (lizardite, chrysotile, and antigorite) and that the newly formed talc-like (TL) minerals and Sep are the main Ni-bearing carriers of the Ni-silicate ores. Decreasing crystal size and order in serpentine species have major effects on vibrational bands. They favour the broadening of the OH stretching bands, the degradation of the signals assigned to the interlayer OH, and the enhancement of the signal related to weakly bound water molecules. The replacement of Mg by Ni in octahedral sites of the 2:1 layer silicates (TL, Sep) of the greenish clay infillings can be traced by specific OH stretching bands related to the Mg3OH, Mg2NiOH, MgNi2OH, and Ni3OH configurations in the fundamental (MIR) and first overtone (NIR) regions of the spectra. The dominance of the Mg3OH and Ni3OH configurations with respect to mixed configurations in the Mg–Ni mineral series of the clay infillings (mostly in the dominant TL minerals) suggests that Mg and Ni segregation is related to separate Mg-rich and Ni-rich mineral phases rather than to a cationic clustering within the individual particles. This segregation of Mg and Ni in discrete mineral phases is related to Mg–Ni oscillatory zoning patterns (banded patterns) and is reproduced at the scale of the Ni-silicate ores between the white (deweylite) and greenish (garnierite) veins of the reactivated faults.

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Retaining Skin Barrier Function Properties of the Stratum Corneum with Components of the Natural Moisturizing Factor—A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind In Vivo Study

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26061649 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 1649

Author(s):

Johannes Schleusener ◽

Andrew Salazar ◽

Jörg von Hagen ◽

Jürgen Lademann ◽

Maxim E. Darvin

Keyword(s):

Stratum Corneum ◽

Barrier Function ◽

Bound Water ◽

Skin Barrier ◽

Skin Barrier Function ◽

Double Blind Study ◽

Weakly Bound ◽

Double Blind

The influence of a topically applied formulation containing components of natural moisturizing factor (NMF) on barrier-related parameters of the stratum corneum (SC) was investigated in vivo using confocal Raman microspectroscopy in a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind study on 12 volunteers for 14 days. This method allowed for the elucidation of subtle differences between the verum and the placebo even though the components of the verum naturally occur in the SC. This differentiation is not possible non-invasively by conventional methods. In this study, we found that the applied verum and placebo formulations disrupted the equilibrium of water, NMF and lipids in the SC. The adverse effects of the formulation could be mitigated by incorporating it into a simplified supplementation of NMF molecules. As a long-term effect, the amount of strongly bound water increases at 30–40% SC depth (p < 0.05) and the amount of weakly bound water decreases at 30–40% SC depth (p < 0.05) for the verum. This supplement was also unexpectedly able to prevent intercellular lipids (ICL) disorganization in selected depths. In the long term, the verum treatment limited the lateral disorganization of the ICL to the upper 20% SC depth. Further research is required to elucidate the interplay of these factors in the SC, to better understand their contribution to the equilibrium and barrier function of the skin. This understanding of the interaction of these naturally occurring components could help in the future to develop and optimize topical treatments for diseases like psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, ichthyosis where the skin barrier is disrupted.

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Antibodies Processed Using High Dilution Technology Distantly Change Structural Properties of IFNγ Aqueous Solution

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13111864 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1864

Author(s):

Nikita Penkov

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solution ◽

Structural Properties ◽

Direct Contact ◽

Large Scale ◽

Terahertz Spectroscopy ◽

Bound Water ◽

Emission Spectra ◽

Water Molecules ◽

Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy ◽

Weakly Bound

Terahertz spectroscopy allows for the analysis of vibrations corresponding to the large-scale structural movements and collective dynamics of hydrogen-bonded water molecules. Previously, differences had been detected in the emission spectra of interferon-gamma (IFNγ) solutions surrounded by extremely diluted solutions of either IFNγ or antibodies to IFNγ without direct contact compared to a control. Here we aimed to analyse the structural properties of water in a sample of an aqueous solution of IFNγ via terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). Tubes with the IFNγ solution were immersed in fluidised lactose saturated with test samples (dilutions of antibodies to IFNγ or control) and incubated at 37 °C for 1, 1.5–2, 2.5–3, or 3.5–4 h. Fluidised lactose was chosen since it is an excipient in the manufacture of drugs based on diluted antibodies to IFNγ. After incubation, spectra were recorded within a wavenumber range of 10 to 110 cm−1 with a resolution of 4 cm−1. Lactose saturated with dilutions of antibodies to IFNγ (incubated for more than 2.5 h) changed the structural properties of an IFNγ aqueous solution without direct contact compared to the control. Terahertz spectra revealed stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonds and an increase in the relaxation time of free and weakly bound water molecules. The methodology developed on the basis of THz-TDS could potentially be applied to quality control of pharmaceuticals based on extremely diluted antibodies.

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Water structure in fungi Amanita musscaria and their composite system with hydrocompacted nanosilica A-300

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska sectio AA – Chemia ◽

10.17951/aa.2017.72.2.25-36 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 25

Author(s):

Тatiana Krupskaya ◽

Paulius Jovaišas ◽

Rūta Bieliauskienė ◽

Natalia Yelahina ◽

Barbara Charmas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Composite System ◽

Fruit Body ◽

Bound Water ◽

Water Structure ◽

Total Binding Energy ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Weakly Bound ◽

H Nmr ◽

State Of Water ◽

Almost All

The state of water in the fruit body of the Amanita muscaria mushroom and its composite with “wetting-drying”nanosilica A-300 was studied by low-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy. It was found that even in the initial biomaterial, part of the water is in a weakly associated state. After drying, the portion of weakly bound water decreases, but in the medium of CDCl3, almost all water becomes weakly boned. This effect is accompanied by a threefold increase (from 3.4 to 10.3 J/g) of the total binding energy of water, which, is probably due to the transition of water from the system of spherical (cylindrical) clusters to a two-dimensional film, uniformly distributed over the surface of the biomaterial. It is suggested that due to the binding by the surface of the silica from the composite, the toxic substances present in the mushroom in the form of complexes with enzymes, will not be desorbed.

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Analysis on Nonlinear Flowing Consolidation of Clay

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.175 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 168-170 ◽

pp. 175-180

Author(s):

Qiang Sun ◽

Xiao Hui Xue ◽

Shu Yun Zhu ◽

Lei Xue

Keyword(s):

Pore Water ◽

Permeability Coefficient ◽

Soft Clay ◽

Nonlinear Function ◽

Bound Water ◽

Nonlinear Flow ◽

Weakly Bound ◽

Porosity And Permeability ◽

Flow Situation ◽

Consolidation Time

It exist non-linear flow in soft clay, which is caused by the shear flow situation of bounded-water. In this case, permeability coefficient is a nonlinear function of hydraulic gradient. With the discharge of pore water, the effective stress is increasing, and part of weakly bound-water begins flow, while the porosity and permeability are became lower. By taking into the characteristics of the pore water, it is established a model, which is explained the nonlinear flow of clay, and shown that, with the increasing of and , the consolidation time is obviously increased

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