Low frequency sound absorption in the Arctic Ocean: Potential impact of ocean acidification

2014 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 2306-2306 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Browning ◽  
Peter D. Herstein ◽  
Peter M. Scheifele ◽  
Raymond W. Hasse
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Sound Absorption ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Frequency Sound ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Potential Impact

scholarly journals Factors Regulating Nitrification in the Arctic Ocean: Potential Impact of Sea Ice Reduction and Ocean Acidification

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1085-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuhei Shiozaki ◽  
Minoru Ijichi ◽  
Amane Fujiwara ◽  
Akiko Makabe ◽  
Shigeto Nishino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Sea Ice Reduction

scholarly journals Very low‐frequency reverberation in the Arctic Ocean

1978 ◽  
Vol 64 (S1) ◽  
pp. S46-S46
Author(s):  
J. Zittel ◽  
G. W. Shepard ◽  
I. Dyer ◽  
A. B. Baggeroer
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Very Low Frequency ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

scholarly journals Model constraints on the anthropogenic carbon budget of the Arctic Ocean

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 2343-2367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Terhaar ◽  
James C. Orr ◽  
Marion Gehlen ◽  
Christian Ethé ◽  
Laurent Bopp
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Model Resolution ◽  
Lateral Transport ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Anthropogenic Carbon ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. The Arctic Ocean is projected to experience not only amplified climate change but also amplified ocean acidification. Modeling future acidification depends on our ability to simulate baseline conditions and changes over the industrial era. Such centennial-scale changes require a global model to account for exchange between the Arctic and surrounding regions. Yet the coarse resolution of typical global models may poorly resolve that exchange as well as critical features of Arctic Ocean circulation. Here we assess how simulations of Arctic Ocean storage of anthropogenic carbon (Cant), the main driver of open-ocean acidification, differ when moving from coarse to eddy-admitting resolution in a global ocean-circulation–biogeochemistry model (Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean, NEMO; Pelagic Interactions Scheme for Carbon and Ecosystem Studies, PISCES). The Arctic's regional storage of Cant is enhanced as model resolution increases. While the coarse-resolution model configuration ORCA2 (2∘) stores 2.0 Pg C in the Arctic Ocean between 1765 and 2005, the eddy-admitting versions ORCA05 and ORCA025 (1∕2∘ and 1∕4∘) store 2.4 and 2.6 Pg C. The difference in inventory between model resolutions that is accounted for is only from their divergence after 1958, when ORCA2 and ORCA025 were initialized with output from the intermediate-resolution configuration (ORCA05). The difference would have been larger had all model resolutions been initialized in 1765 as was ORCA05. The ORCA025 Arctic Cant storage estimate of 2.6 Pg C should be considered a lower limit because that model generally underestimates observed CFC-12 concentrations. It reinforces the lower limit from a previous data-based approach (2.5 to 3.3 Pg C). Independent of model resolution, there was roughly 3 times as much Cant that entered the Arctic Ocean through lateral transport than via the flux of CO2 across the air–sea interface. Wider comparison to nine earth system models that participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) reveals much larger diversity of stored Cant and lateral transport. Only the CMIP5 models with higher lateral transport obtain Cant inventories that are close to the data-based estimates. Increasing resolution also enhances acidification, e.g., with greater shoaling of the Arctic's average depth of the aragonite saturation horizon during 1960–2012, from 50 m in ORCA2 to 210 m in ORCA025. Even higher model resolution would likely further improve such estimates, but its prohibitive costs also call for other more practical avenues for improvement, e.g., through model nesting, addition of coastal processes, and refinement of subgrid-scale parameterizations.

scholarly journals Monitoring and assessment of ocean acidification in the Arctic Ocean-A scoping paper

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa L. Robbins ◽  
Kimberly K. Yates ◽  
Richard Feely ◽  
Victoria Fabry
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

scholarly journals Macroalgae contribute to nested mosaics of pH variability in a subarctic fjord

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 4895-4911 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Krause-Jensen ◽  
C. M. Duarte ◽  
I. E. Hendriks ◽  
L. Meire ◽  
M. E. Blicher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Boundary Layers ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Kelp Forests ◽  
Coastal Habitats ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Diffusive Boundary

Abstract. The Arctic Ocean is considered the most vulnerable ecosystem to ocean acidification, and large-scale assessments of pH and the saturation state for aragonite (Ωarag) have led to the notion that the Arctic Ocean is already close to a corrosive state. In high-latitude coastal waters the regulation of pH and Ωarag is, however, far more complex than offshore because increased biological activity and input of glacial meltwater affect pH. Effects of ocean acidification on calcifiers and non-calcifying phototrophs occupying coastal habitats cannot be derived from extrapolation of current and forecasted offshore conditions, but they require an understanding of the regimes of pH and Ωarag in their coastal habitats. To increase knowledge of the natural variability in pH in the Arctic coastal zone and specifically to test the influence of benthic vegetated habitats, we quantified pH variability in a Greenland fjord in a nested-scale approach. A sensor array logging pH, O2, PAR, temperature and salinity was applied on spatial scales ranging from kilometre scale across the horizontal extension of the fjord; to 100 m scale vertically in the fjord, 10–100 m scale between subtidal habitats with and without kelp forests and between vegetated tidal pools and adjacent vegetated shores; and to centimetre to metre scale within kelp forests and millimetre scale across diffusive boundary layers of macrophyte tissue. In addition, we assessed the temporal variability in pH on diurnal and seasonal scales. Based on pH measurements combined with point samples of total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon and relationships to salinity, we also estimated variability in Ωarag. Results show variability in pH and Ωarag of up to 0.2–0.3 units at several scales, i.e. along the horizontal and vertical extension of the fjord, between seasons and on a diel basis in benthic habitats and within 1 m3 of kelp forest. Vegetated intertidal pools exhibited extreme diel pH variability of > 1.5 units and macrophyte diffusive boundary layers a pH range of up to 0.8 units. Overall, pelagic and benthic metabolism was an important driver of pH and Ωarag producing mosaics of variability from low levels in the dark to peak levels at high irradiance generally appearing favourable for calcification. We suggest that productive coastal environments may form niches of high pH in a future acidified Arctic Ocean.

scholarly journals Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Sediment Processes in Shallow Waters of the Arctic Ocean

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e94068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Gazeau ◽  
Pieter van Rijswijk ◽  
Lara Pozzato ◽  
Jack J. Middelburg
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

Variability of the Intermediate Atlantic Water of the Arctic Ocean over the Last 100 Years

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 4485-4497 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Polyakov ◽  
G. V. Alekseev ◽  
L. A. Timokhov ◽  
U. S. Bhatt ◽  
R. L. Colony ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Atlantic Water ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Lower Latitude ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Temperature Record ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

Abstract Recent observations show dramatic changes of the Arctic atmosphere–ice–ocean system, including a rapid warming in the intermediate Atlantic water of the Arctic Ocean. Here it is demonstrated through the analysis of a vast collection of previously unsynthesized observational data, that over the twentieth century Atlantic water variability was dominated by low-frequency oscillations (LFO) on time scales of 50–80 yr. Associated with this variability, the Atlantic water temperature record shows two warm periods in the 1930s–40s and in recent decades and two cold periods earlier in the century and in the 1960s–70s. Over recent decades, the data show a warming and salinification of the Atlantic layer accompanied by its shoaling and, probably, thinning. The estimate of the Atlantic water temperature variability shows a general warming trend; however, over the 100-yr record there are periods (including the recent decades) with short-term trends strongly amplified by multidecadal variations. Observational data provide evidence that Atlantic water temperature, Arctic surface air temperature, and ice extent and fast ice thickness in the Siberian marginal seas display coherent LFO. The hydrographic data used support a negative feedback mechanism through which changes of density act to moderate the inflow of Atlantic water to the Arctic Ocean, consistent with the decrease of positive Atlantic water temperature anomalies in the late 1990s. The sustained Atlantic water temperature and salinity anomalies in the Arctic Ocean are associated with hydrographic anomalies of the same sign in the Greenland–Norwegian Seas and of the opposite sign in the Labrador Sea. Finally, it is found that the Arctic air–sea–ice system and the North Atlantic sea surface temperature display coherent low-frequency fluctuations. Elucidating the mechanisms behind this relationship will be critical to an understanding of the complex nature of low-frequency variability found in the Arctic and in lower-latitude regions.

scholarly journals Review on ocean acidification and carbon cycling in the Arctic Ocean

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (22) ◽  
pp. 2201-2213
Author(s):  
Di Qi ◽  
Heng Sun ◽  
Liqi Chen ◽  
Baoshan Chen ◽  
Wenli Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Carbon Cycling ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

scholarly journals Model constraints on the anthropogenic carbon budget of the Arctic Ocean

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Terhaar ◽  
James C. Orr ◽  
Marion Gehlen ◽  
Christian Ethé ◽  
Laurent Bopp
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Cmip5 Models ◽  
Lateral Transport ◽  
Coarse Resolution ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Anthropogenic Carbon

Abstract. The Arctic Ocean is projected to experience not only amplified climate change but also amplified ocean acidification. Modeling future acidification depends on our ability to simulate baseline conditions and changes over the industrial era. Such centennial-scale changes require a global model to account for exchange between the Arctic and surrounding regions. Yet the coarse resolution of typical global models may poorly resolve that exchange as well as critical features of Arctic Ocean circulation. Here we assess how simulations of Arctic Ocean storage of anthropogenic carbon (Cant), the main driver of open- ocean acidification, differ when moving from coarse to eddy admitting resolution in a global ocean circulation-biogeochemistry model (NEMO-PISCES). The Arctic's regional storage of Cant is enhanced as model resolution increases. While the coarse- resolution model configuration ORCA2 (2°) stores 2.0 Pg C in the Arctic Ocean between 1765 and 2005, the eddy-admitting versions ORCA05 and ORCA025 (1/2° and 1/4°) store 2.4 and 2.6 Pg C. That result from ORCA025 falls within the uncertainty range from a previous data-based Cant storage estimate (2.5 to 3.3 Pg C). Yet those limits may each need to be reduced by about 10 % because data-based Cant concentrations in deep waters remain at ∼ 6 μmol kg−1, while they should be almost negligible by analogy to the near-zero observed CFC-12 concentrations from which they are calculated. Across the three resolutions, there was roughly three times as much anthropogenic carbon that entered the Arctic Ocean through lateral transport than via the flux of CO2 across the air-sea interface. Wider comparison to nine earth system models that participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) reveals much larger diversity of stored anthropogenic carbon and lateral transport. Only the CMIP5 models with higher lateral transport obtain Cant inventories that are close to the data-based estimates. Increasing resolution also enhances acidification, e.g., with greater shoaling of the Arctic's average depth of the aragonite saturation horizon during 1960–2012, from 50 m in ORCA2 to 210 m in ORCA025. To assess the potential to further refine modeled estimates of the Arctic Ocean's Cant storage and acidification, sensitivity tests that adjust model parameters are needed given that century-scale global ocean biogeochemical simulations still cannot be run routinely at high resolution.

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