Target-locus scaling for modeling formant transitions in vowel + consonant + vowel utterances

In this paper, we decompose sustained attending behavior into components of continuous attention maintenance and attentional transitions and study how each of these components develops in young children. Our results in two experiments suggest that changes in children's ability to return attention to a target locus after distraction (“Returning”) play a crucial role in the development of sustained attention between the ages of 3.5-6 years, perhaps to a greater extent than changes in the ability to continuously maintain attention on the target (“Staying”). We further distinguish Returning from the behavior of transitioning attention away from task (“Leaving”) and provide evidence that Leaving is more strongly influenced by bottom-up factors, while Returning is invariant to these same bottom-up factors, suggesting a potentially greater contribution of top-down factors in Returning. Overall, these results (a) suggest the importance of understanding the cognitive process of transitioning attention for understanding sustained attention and its development, (b) provide an empirical paradigm within which to study this process, and (c) begin to characterize basic features of this process, namely its development and its relative dependence on top-down and bottom-up influences on attention.

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Ectopic gene targeting exhibits a bimodal distribution of integration in murine cells, indicating that both intra- and interchromosomal sites are accessible to the targeting vector.

Molecular and Cellular Biology ◽

10.1128/mcb.17.9.5571 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 17 (9) ◽

pp. 5571-5580 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

G Dellaire ◽

N Lemieux ◽

A Belmaaza ◽

P Chartrand

Keyword(s):

Gene Targeting ◽

Genetic Locus ◽

Bimodal Distribution ◽

New Paradigm ◽

Target Locus ◽

Fibroblast Line ◽

Alternative Outcome ◽

Murine Fibroblast ◽

Integration Sites ◽

Targeting Vector

Ectopic gene targeting is an alternative outcome of the gene targeting process in which the targeting vector acquires sequences from the genomic target but proceeds to integrate elsewhere in the genome. Using two-color fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis, we have determined the integration sites of the gene targeting vector with respect to the target locus in a murine fibroblast line (LTA). We found that for ectopic gene targeting the distribution of integration sites was bimodal, being either within 3 Mb of the target or on chromosomes distinct from the chromosome carrying the target locus. Inter- and intrachromosomal sites appeared to be equally accessible to the targeting vector, with site-specific variations. Interestingly, interphase analysis indicated that vector sequences which had integrated ectopically in chromosomes other than the target colocalized with the target locus at a significant frequency compared to that of colocalization to random unlinked loci. We propose that ectopic gene targeting could be used to determine which chromosomal domains within the genome are accessible to a given genetic locus. Thus, recombination access mapping may present a new paradigm for the analysis of DNA accessibility and interaction within the genome.

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Target–locus scaling methods for modeling families of formant transitions

Journal of Phonetics ◽

10.1016/j.wocn.2010.02.004 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 337-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

David J. Broad ◽

Frantz Clermont

Keyword(s):

Target Locus ◽

Scaling Methods

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Barley Ant17, encoding flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), is a promising target locus for attaining anthocyanin/proanthocyanidin-free plants without pleiotropic reduction of grain dormancy

Genome ◽

10.1139/gen-2014-0189 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 43-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Eiko Himi ◽

Shin Taketa

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Stop Codon ◽

Premature Stop Codon ◽

Preharvest Sprouting ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Recessive Mutations ◽

Grain Dormancy ◽

Target Locus ◽

Promising Target ◽

Sprouting Resistance

Preharvest sprouting is a serious problem in grain crop production because it causes quality deterioration and economic losses. It is well known that grain colour is closely associated with grain dormancy in wheat; white-grained lines without accumulating proanthocyanidins in testa tend to be more susceptible to preharvest sprouting than red ones. All available white-grained wheat lines are restricted to triple recessive mutations at the R loci (R-A1, R-B1, and R-D1), but barley is known to have 11 independent loci conferring the proanthocyanidin-free grain phenotype. In this study, we evaluated the dormancy levels of anthocyanin/proanthocyanidin-free ant17 mutants. Three ant17 mutants showed the same levels of dormancy as their respective wild types. Sequencing of three independent ant17 alleles detected a point mutation within the coding regions of flavanone-3-hydroxylase (F3H), which are predicted to cause a premature stop codon at different sites. The F3H locus completely cosegregated with the Ant17 position on the chromosome arm 2HL. Expression of the barley F3H gene was observed in pigmented tissues, but not in nonpigmented roots and stems. This result indicates that wheat F3H may be a promising new target locus for breeding white-grained lines with a practical level of preharvest sprouting resistance.

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Modification of improved-genome editing via oviductal nucleic acids delivery (i-GONAD)-mediated knock-in in rats

BMC Biotechnology ◽

10.1186/s12896-021-00723-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Takuya Aoshima ◽

Yukari Kobayashi ◽

Hisayoshi Takagi ◽

Kenta Iijima ◽

Masahiro Sato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nucleic Acids ◽

Genome Editing ◽

New Technology ◽

Rat Fetuses ◽

Guide Rnas ◽

Culture Cells ◽

Insertion And Deletion ◽

Target Locus ◽

Nucleic Acids Delivery

Abstract Background Improved genome-editing via oviductal nucleic acids delivery (i-GONAD) is a new technology that facilitates in situ genome-editing of mammalian zygotes exiting the oviductal lumen. The i-GONAD technology has been developed for use in mice, rats, and hamsters; however, oligonucleotide (ODN)-based knock-in (KI) is more inefficient in rats than mice. To improve the efficiency of i-GONAD in rats we examined KI efficiency using three guide RNAs (gRNA), crRNA1, crRNA2 and crRNA3. These gRNAs recognize different portions of the target locus, but also overlap each other in the target locus. We also examined the effects of commercially available KI -enhancing drugs (including SCR7, L755,507, RS-1, and HDR enhancer) on i-GONAD-mediated KI efficiency. Results The KI efficiency in rat fetuses generated after i-GONAD with crRNA2 and single-stranded ODN was significantly higher (24%) than crRNA1 (5%; p < 0.05) or crRNA3 (0%; p < 0.01). The KI efficiency of i-GONAD with triple gRNAs was 11%. These findings suggest that KI efficiency largely depends on the type of gRNA used. Furthermore, the KI efficiency drugs, SCR7, L755,507 and HDR enhancer, all of which are known to enhance KI efficiency, increased KI efficiency using the i-GONAD with crRNA1 protocol. In contrast, only L755,507 (15 μM) increased KI efficiency using the i-GONAD with crRNA2 protocol. None of them were significantly different. Conclusions We attempted to improve the KI efficiency of i-GONAD in rats. We demonstrated that the choice of gRNA is important for determining KI efficiency and insertion and deletion rates. Some drugs (e.g. SCR7, L755,507 and HDR enhancer) that are known to increase KI efficiency in culture cells were found to be effective in i-GONAD in rats, but their effects were limited.

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Genetic lag in a Meishan x Large White pig backcross population: A simulation study

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200007158 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2002 ◽

pp. 59-59

Author(s):

E.E. Wall ◽

J.A. Woolliams ◽

P.M. Visscher

Keyword(s):

Linkage Drag ◽

Large White ◽

Donor Genome ◽

Backcross Population ◽

Identical By Descent ◽

Target Locus ◽

Trace Back ◽

Donor Line ◽

New Alleles ◽

Large White Pig

Backcrossing can be used as a tool to introduce new alleles into a population. Having detected an allele of interest in a non-commercial (donor) line, backcrossing methods introduce the allele into a commercial (recipient) population whilst minimising the contribution of the less superior donor genome. Many alleles linked to the desired donor allele are incorporated into the recipient line by a phenomenon called linkage drag. Loci in the region of the target locus may trace back to a common ancestor and become identical by descent (IBD). This leads to a loss of diversity around the target locus. The linkage drag and contributions from ancestral recipient populations mean that the backcross population suffers genetic lag for commercial traits. This study aims to investigate the effect of population size and number of backcross generations on genetic lag, linkage drag and IBD around a target allele reducing back fat found in the Chinese Meishan breed when backcrossed to a commercial Large White population.

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