Effects of Drink Carbonation on the Gastric Emptying Characteristics of Water and Flavored Water

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Zachwieja ◽  
David L. Costill ◽  
Jeffrey J. Widrick ◽  
Dawn E. Anderson ◽  
Glenn K. McConell
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Sport Drink ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Low Calorie ◽  
Gastric Aspiration ◽  
Flavored Water ◽  
Experimental Trials

The intent of this study was to determine whether adding carbonation to either water or a low calorie sport drink would affect gastric emptying (GE). Fifteen subjects rode for 20 minutes on a cycle ergometer at 55% of max . After 5 minutes of exercise, the subjects ingested 5.5 mllkg body weight of a test solution: water (W), carbonated water (CW), and a low calorie sport drink in both a carbonated (C2C) and noncarbonated (2C) form. At the end of each ride, the stomach was emptied through gastric aspiration. The results indicate that carbonation has no effect on GE. However, the type of drink did have an effect on GE, as both 2C and C2C emptied from the stomach at a slower rate than either W or CW. Subjective ratings of gastrointestinal comfort were similar for both carbonated and noncarbonated forms, and at no time did the subjects report discomfort. The results were independent of the exercise challenge, as exercise intensity, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion did not differ between experimental trials. It is concluded that carbonation does not affect the GE characteristics of a drink taken during submaximal exercise, but the flavoring system of the low calorie beverage decreased the rate of GE by as much as 25% when compared to water.

Failure of Glycine-Arginine-α-Ketoisocaproic Acid to Improve High-Intensity Exercise Performance in Trained Cyclists

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Beis ◽  
Yaser Mohammad ◽  
Chris Easton ◽  
Yannis P. Pitsiladis
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Oral Supplementation ◽  
Experimental Trials

Oral supplementation with glycine-arginine-α-ketoisocaproic acid (GAKIC) has previously been shown to improve exhaustive high-intensity exercise performance. There are no controlled studies involving GAKIC supplementation in well-trained subjects. The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of GAKIC supplementation on fatigue during high-intensity, repeated cycle sprints in trained cyclists. After at least 2 familiarization trials, 10 well-trained male cyclists completed 2 supramaximal sprint tests each involving 10 sprints of 10 s separated by 50-s rest intervals on an electrically braked cycle ergometer. Subjects ingested 11.2 g of GAKIC or placebo (Pl) during a period of 45 min before the 2 experimental trials, administered in a randomized and double-blind fashion. Peak power declined from the 1st sprint (M ± SD; Pl 1,332 ± 307 W, GAKIC 1,367 ± 342 W) to the 10th sprint (Pl 1,091 ± 229 W, GAKIC 1,061 ± 272 W) and did not differ between conditions (p = .88). Mean power declined from the 1st sprint (Pl 892 ± 151 W, GAKIC 892 ± 153 W) to the 10th sprint (Pl 766 ± 120 W, GAKIC 752 ± 138 W) and did not differ between conditions (p = .96). The fatigue index remained at ~38% throughout the series of sprints and did not differ between conditions (p = .99). Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion increased from the 1st sprint to the 10th sprint and did not differ between conditions (p = .11 and p = .83, respectively). In contrast to previous studies in untrained individuals, these results suggest that GAKIC has no ergogenic effect on repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise in trained individuals.

Effect of induced alkalosis on perception of exertion during intermittent exercise

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 1862-1867 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Swank ◽  
R. J. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Placebo Control ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Experimental Trials

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of metabolic alkalosis on differentiated ratings of perceived exertion during intermittent high-intensity exercise. Six endurance-trained females participated as subjects in this investigation. Each subject underwent three separate experimental trials in which NaHCO3 was ingested in either a single (0.3 g NaHCO3/kg body wt) or periodic schedule (0.12 g NaHCO3/kg body wt initially, with 0.18 g/kg body wt distributed in equal doses before each 5-min exercise bout). Calcium carbonate served as a placebo control. An intermittent exercise protocol was used in which each subject rode a cycle ergometer at 90% maximum O2 consumption for 5 min. Within each acid-base condition, the exercise protocol was repeated three times with 10-min rest periods interspersed. Differentiated ratings of perceived exertion for the legs (RPE-L), chest (RPE-C), and overall body (RPE-O) were attenuated under alkalotic treatment relative to placebo control regardless of pattern of NaHCO3 administration. RPE-L, RPE-C, and RPE-O were negatively correlated to the bicarbonate concentration of venous blood. This investigation suggests that perception of effort during high-intensity intermittent exercise can be related to buffering capacity of the blood.

Viewing Music Videotapes during Exercise and Ratings of Perceived Exertion

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-226
Author(s):  
B. R. Abadie ◽  
M. K. Chance ◽  
D. O'Nan ◽  
C. Lay
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
External Stimuli

30 men 18 to 25 years of age participated in two treatments presented in counterbalanced order. They exercised for 6 min. on a Monarch cycle ergometer at a workload of 122.5 W while viewing and listening to music videotapes or exercised in a quiet environment. External stimuli in the viewing and listening to music videotapes did not distract subjects from assessing their exertion during exercise.

Perceived Exertion during Physical Exercise among Individuals High and Low in Fitness

1996 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonios K. Travlos ◽  
Daniel Q. Marisi
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Workload Analysis ◽  
Fitness Level

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of fitness level and gradually increased amounts of exercise on individuals' ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). 20 men served as paid subjects. They were divided into groups of high (>56 ml/kg/min.) and low fitness (<46 ml/kg/min.) according to their maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max). Participants were required to pedal on a cycle ergometer at a progressively increased workload (every 10 min.) corresponding to 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% of individual VO2 max values. Heart rates, RPE, and core temperatures were recorded every 5th minute after the initiation of exercising at a specific workload. Analysis indicated that, when controlling for VO2 max values, elevations of heart rate and core temperature were not affected by fitness. However, highly fit individuals perceived themselves under less exertion than did the group low in fitness. Correlations showed that, taking into consideration fitness, there is a stronger relationship between RPE and heart rate and RPE and core temperature for the highly fit individuals than for the less fit.

The Effect of Adding Lower Intensity Work on Perceived Aversiveness of Exercise

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britton W. Brewer ◽  
Tina M. Manos ◽  
Anne V. McDevitt ◽  
Allen E. Cornelius ◽  
Judy L. Van Raalte
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Lower Intensity ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
The Difference

Two studies tested the hypothesis that exertional trend influences perceived aversiveness of an exercise bout. In Study 1, participants (64 women and 26 men) read descriptions of 8 fictitious people’s ratings of perceived exertion during exercise sessions on a stationary bicycle, including a 15-min session with a pattern of increasing exertion and a 20-min session with a pattern of exertion identical to the 15-min session with the addition of a 5-min period of reduced exertion at the end. Despite a greater overall workload, the 20-min session was perceived as significantly less aversive than the 15-min session. In Study 2, participants (11 women and 9 men) completed 15- and 20-min sessions on a cycle ergometer with the same basic exertional patterns as in Study 1. Ratings of the aversiveness of the 2 sessions did not differ significantly, despite the difference in duration. Results demonstrate that adding a period of reduced exertion attenuates the perceived aversiveness of a bout of exercise.

Accuracy and Reproducibility of an Exercise Prescription Based on Ratings of Perceived Exertion for Treadmill and Cycle Ergometer Exercise

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1335-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher C. Dunbar ◽  
Carole Goris ◽  
Donald W. Michielli ◽  
Michael I. Kalinski
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Exercise Prescription ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Cycle Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Target Intensity

The accuracy of regularing exercise intensity by Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) was examined. Subjects underwent 4 production trials, 2 on a treadmill (PIA, P1B) and 2 on a cycle ergometer (P2A, P2B). 9 untrained subjects used only their perceptions of effort to regulate exercise intensity. Target intensity was the RPE equivalent to 60% VO2mx. Exercise intensity (VO2) during P1A, P1B, and P2A did not differ from the target, but during P2B was lower than target. During P1A and P1B heart rate did not differ from the target but was lower than target during P2A and P2B. RPE seems a valid means of regulating exercise intensity during repeated bouts of treadmill exercise at 60% VO2max; however, exercise intensity during repeated bouts on the cycle ergometer may be lower than target.

Video-Assisted Cycling Alters Perception of Effort and Increases Self-Selected Exercise Intensity

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 915-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Robergs ◽  
Selda Bereket ◽  
Melissa A. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Video Assisted ◽  
Video Condition

Two studies were conducted to assess whether indoor video-assisted cycling influenced a person's quality of exercise (subjectively and quantitatively), compared to indoor cycling alone. In the first study 12 recreationally active subjects completed an initial test of VO2max, and three randomized trials of cycling at 70% VO2max (35 min.) watching a commercial cycling tape (cycle video), a test pattern displayed on the ergometer screen (blank video), or no video. Subjects' ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and Affect were recorded, and heart rate and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured during testing. The second study required 12 different subjects first to complete an assessment of VO2max and then two randomized trials (cycle video and no video) on a cycle ergometer where they freely set the intensity of their own exercise. Measurements of VO2, heart rate, blood lactate, power output, RPE, and Affect were recorded during testing. Results of Exp. 1 indicated that subjects' perceived effort equally between the two conditions, yet reported significantly ( p <.05) higher affect at 25 and 35 min. of cycling during the cycle video condition than no video condition. Results of Exp. 2 indicated that despite similar levels of blood lactate, subjects exercised at a significantly higher intensity during the cycle video condition compared to no video condition, with a higher VO2 and heart rate. The data support the use of indoor exercise videos to improve the exercise experience and also to increase the physiological demands of indoor exercise.

Psychological Affect at Different Ratings of Perceived Exertion in High-and Low-Active Women: A Study Using a Production Protocol

1996 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 1035-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaynor Parfitt ◽  
Roger Eston ◽  
Declan Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Exercise Prescription ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Habitual Activity ◽  
Positive Feelings

The purpose of this study was to examine psychological affect at different ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in 15 high- and 15 low-active women. Both groups performed three steady-state exercise bouts on a cycle ergometer at RPEs 9, 13, and 17 and reported their affect in the last 20 sec. of and 5 min. after each work rate. There were no differences between groups in percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (% VO2max) at each RPE. Low-active women reported feeling significantly more negative at RPE 17 than RPE 9 and less positive than the high-active women at RPEs 9, 13, and 17. In addition, all subjects reported more positive feelings 5 min. postexercise than in the last 20 sec. of exercising, especially at RPE 17. These results have implications for exercise prescription in groups differing in habitual activity levels.

Differentiated Perceptions of Exertion: Part II. Relationship to Local and Central Physiological Responses

1979 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Robertson ◽  
Robert L. Gillespie ◽  
Jean McCarthy ◽  
Kenneth D. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Pedalling Rate ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Physiological Adjustments ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Maximal Cycle

Differentiated ratings of perceived exertion in the legs and chest were compared to local and central physiological adjustments during sub-maximal cycle ergometer exercise. 50 male subjects performed three separate cycle ergometer tests. Power output was held constant at 840 kpm/min., while pedalling rate was randomly set at 40, 60, or 80 rpm. Differentiated reports of exertion from the legs were considered to be local signals and reports from the chest to be central signals. Ratings of exertion for the legs, chest and over-all body were each significantly higher at 40 rpm than 60 or 80 rpm. Heart rate, oxygen uptake, ventilation and respiratory rate were also higher at 40 rpm. Lactic acid, pH, and pCOs were similar between pedalling rates. Lactic acid did not operate differentially to influence local perceptual signals from the legs. Central measures of respiratory and aerobic metabolic adjustments were consistent with the more intense regional report of chest exertion at 40 rpm.

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