Guidelines to Classify Female Subject Groups in Sport-Science Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lieselot Decroix ◽  
Kevin De Pauw ◽  
Carl Foster ◽  
Romain Meeusen
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Female Subject ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Training Status ◽  
Sport Science ◽  
Review Current

Aim:To review current cycling-related sport-science literature to formulate guidelines to classify female subject groups and to compare this classification system for female subject groups with the classification system for male subject groups.Methods:A database of 82 papers that described female subject groups containing information on preexperimental maximal cycle-protocol designs, terminology, biometrical and physiological parameters, and cycling experience was analyzed. Subject groups were divided into performance levels (PLs), according to the nomenclature. Body mass, body-mass index, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), peak power output (PPO), and training status were compared between PLs and between female and male PLs.Results:Five female PLs were defined, representing untrained, active, trained, well-trained, and professional female subjects. VO2max and PPO significantly increased with PL, except for PL3 and PL4 (P < .01). For each PL, significant differences were observed in absolute and relative VO2max and PPO between male and female subject groups. Relative VO2max is the most cited parameter for female subject groups and is proposed as the principal parameter to classify the groups.Conclusion:This systematic review shows the large variety in the description of female subject groups in the existing literature. The authors propose a standardized preexperimental testing protocol and guidelines to classify female subject groups into 5 PLs based on relative VO2max, relative PPO, training status, absolute VO2max, and absolute PPO.

Guidelines to Classify Subject Groups in Sport-Science Research

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin De Pauw ◽  
Bart Roelands ◽  
Stephen S. Cheung ◽  
Bas de Geus ◽  
Gerard Rietjens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Subject Group ◽  
Performance Levels ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Maximal Cycle

Purpose:The aim of this systematic literature review was to outline the various preexperimental maximal cycle-test protocols, terminology, and performance indicators currently used to classify subject groups in sportscience research and to construct a classification system for cycling-related research.Methods:A database of 130 subject-group descriptions contains information on preexperimental maximal cycle-protocol designs, terminology of the subject groups, biometrical and physiological data, cycling experience, and parameters. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, 1-way ANOVA, post hoc Bonferroni (P < .05), and trend lines were calculated on height, body mass, relative and absolute maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and peak power output (PPO).Results:During preexperimental testing, an initial workload of 100 W and a workload increase of 25 W are most frequently used. Three-minute stages provide the most reliable and valid measures of endurance performance. After obtaining data on a subject group, researchers apply various terms to define the group. To solve this complexity, the authors introduced the neutral term performance levels 1 to 5, representing untrained, recreationally trained, trained, well-trained, and professional subject groups, respectively. The most cited parameter in literature to define subject groups is relative VO2max, and therefore no overlap between different performance levels may occur for this principal parameter. Another significant cycling parameter is the absolute PPO. The description of additional physiological information and current and past cycling data is advised.Conclusion:This review clearly shows the need to standardize the procedure for classifying subject groups. Recommendations are formulated concerning preexperimental testing, terminology, and performance indicators.

Test Validation in Sport Physiology: Lessons Learned From Clinimetrics

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco M. Impellizzeri ◽  
Samuele M. Marcora
Keyword(s):  
Professional Practice ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Validation Process ◽  
Sport Science ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Scientific Fields

We propose that physiological and performance tests used in sport science research and professional practice should be developed following a rigorous validation process, as is done in other scientific fields, such as clinimetrics, an area of research that focuses on the quality of clinical measurement and uses methods derived from psychometrics. In this commentary, we briefly review some of the attributes that must be explored when validating a test: the conceptual model, validity, reliability, and responsiveness. Examples from the sport science literature are provided.

No Effect of Caffeine Supplementation on Dribbling Speed in Elite Basketball Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 997-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron T. Scanlan ◽  
Vincent J. Dalbo ◽  
Daniele Conte ◽  
Emilija Stojanović ◽  
Nenad Stojiljković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Sport Science ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Small Effect Size ◽  
Performance Times

Purpose: To examine the effect of caffeine supplementation on dribbling speed in elite female and male basketball players. Methods: A double-blind, counterbalanced, randomized, crossover design was used. Elite basketball players (N = 21; 10 female, 11 male; age 18.3 [3.3] y) completed placebo (3 mg·kg−1 of body mass of dextrose) and caffeine (3 mg·kg−1 of body mass) trials 1 wk apart during the in-season phase. During each trial, players completed 20-m linear sprints with and without dribbling a basketball. Performance times were recorded at 5-, 10-, and 20-m splits. Dribbling speed was measured using traditional (total performance time) and novel (dribble deficit) methods. Dribble deficit isolates the added time taken to complete a task when dribbling compared with a nondribbling version of the same task. Comparisons between placebo and caffeine conditions were conducted at group and individual levels. Results: Nonsignificant (P > .05), trivial to small (effect size = 0.04–0.42) differences in dribbling speed were observed between conditions. The majority (20 out of 21) of players were classified as nonresponders to caffeine, with 1 player identified as a negative responder using dribble-deficit measures. Conclusions: Results indicate that caffeine offers no ergogenic benefit to dribbling speed in elite basketball players. The negative response to caffeine in 1 player indicates that caffeine supplementation may be detrimental to dribbling speed in specific cases and emphasizes the need for individualized analyses in nutrition-based sport-science research.

scholarly journals Evaluating the effects of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate, ingested individually or in combination, and a taste-matched placebo on high-intensity cycling capacity in healthy males

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew F. Higgins ◽  
Susie Wilson ◽  
Cameron Hill ◽  
Mike J. Price ◽  
Mike Duncan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Experimental Trials

This study evaluated the effects of ingesting sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or caffeine individually or in combination on high-intensity cycling capacity. In a counterbalanced, crossover design, 13 healthy, noncycling trained males (age: 21 ± 3 years, height: 178 ± 6 cm, body mass: 76 ± 12 kg, peak power output (Wpeak): 230 ± 34 W, peak oxygen uptake: 46 ± 8 mL·kg−1·min−1) performed a graded incremental exercise test, 2 familiarisation trials, and 4 experimental trials. Trials consisted of cycling to volitional exhaustion at 100% Wpeak (TLIM) 60 min after ingesting a solution containing either (i) 0.3 g·kg−1 body mass sodium bicarbonate (BIC), (ii) 5 mg·kg−1 body mass caffeine plus 0.1 g·kg−1 body mass sodium chloride (CAF), (iii) 0.3 g·kg−1 body mass sodium bicarbonate plus 5 mg·kg−1 body mass caffeine (BIC-CAF), or (iv) 0.1 g·kg−1 body mass sodium chloride (PLA). Experimental solutions were administered double-blind. Pre-exercise, at the end of exercise, and 5-min postexercise blood pH, base excess, and bicarbonate ion concentration ([HCO3−]) were significantly elevated for BIC and BIC-CAF compared with CAF and PLA. TLIM (median; interquartile range) was significantly greater for CAF (399; 350–415 s; P = 0.039; r = 0.6) and BIC-CAF (367; 333–402 s; P = 0.028; r = 0.6) compared with BIC (313: 284–448 s) although not compared with PLA (358; 290–433 s; P = 0.249, r = 0.3 and P = 0.099 and r = 0.5, respectively). There were no differences between PLA and BIC (P = 0.196; r = 0.4) or between CAF and BIC-CAF (P = 0.753; r = 0.1). Relatively large inter- and intra-individual variation was observed when comparing treatments and therefore an individual approach to supplementation appears warranted.

Library and information science research in Pakistan: A bibliometric analysis, 1957–2018

2020 ◽  
pp. 096100062092193
Author(s):  
Nadeem Siddique ◽  
Shafiq Ur Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Ajmal Khan ◽  
Asif Altaf
Keyword(s):  
Information Management ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Publishing Research ◽  
Library And Information Science ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The University

This article reviews 62 years (1957–2018) of research in library and information science in Pakistan. A comprehensive bibliometric study was conducted using the four leading databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Library and Information Science Abstracts, and Library, Information Science and Technology Abstracts). The researchers found a positive upward trend. Library research is on the rise in Pakistan. The Department of Information Management at the University of the Punjab is the major contributor to the library and information science literature. Forty percent of the total publications were published in two Pakistani journals. Older and well-established institutions like the University of the Punjab and the University of Karachi have taken the lead in publishing research. The Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces require more focus and funding.

A Sport-Specific Upper-Body Ergometer Test for Evaluating Submaximal and Maximal Parameters in Elite Rock Climbers

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michail Lubomirov Michailov ◽  
Audry Morrison ◽  
Mano Mitkov Ketenliev ◽  
Boyanka Petkova Pentcheva
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Bicycle Ergometry ◽  
Lower Magnitude ◽  
Ergometer Test

Traditional treadmill or bicycle ergometry neglects the upper-body musculature that predominantly limits or terminates rock-climbing performance (ie, the inability to continually pull up one’s body mass or “hang on”).Purpose:To develop an incremental maximal upper-body ergometer test (UBT) to evaluate climbers’ aerobic fitness and sport-specific work capacity and to compare these results with a traditional treadmill protocol.Methods:Eleven elite sport climbers (best redpoint grade Fr.8b) performed a UBT on a vertically mounted rowing ergometer and, on a separate occasion, performed a maximal incremental treadmill test (TMT). Cardiorespiratory parameters were measured continuously. Lactate (La) samples were collected.Results:Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and heart rate in UBT and TMT were 34.1 ± 4.1 vs 58.3 ± 2.6 mL · min−1 · kg−1 and 185 ± 8 vs 197 ± 8 beats/min, respectively, and both variables were of significantly lower magnitude during UBT (P < .001). End-of-test La levels for UBT (11.9 ± 1.7 mmol/L) and TMT (12.3 ± 2.5 mmol/L) were similar (P = .554). Treadmill VO2peak was not correlated with either upper-body (UB) VO2peak (P = .854) or redpoint and on-sight climbing grade ability (P > .05). UB VO2peak and peak power output per kg body mass were both strongly correlated (P < .05) with climbing grade ability. The highest correlation coefficient was calculated between current on-sight grade and UB VO2peak (r = .85, P = .001).Conclusion:UBT aerobic- and work-capacity results were strongly correlated to climbing-performance variables and reflected sport-specific fatigue, and TMT results were not. UBT is preferred to TMT to test and monitor dedicated and elite rock climbers’ training status.

scholarly journals Perspectives of applied collaborative sport science research within professional team sports

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Malone ◽  
Liam D. Harper ◽  
Ben Jones ◽  
John Perry ◽  
Chris Barnes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Team Sports ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Sport Science ◽  
Professional Team Sports

Narrative Inquiry and New Materialism: Stories as (Not Necessarily Benign) Agents

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1151-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry Lee Rosiek ◽  
Jimmy Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Indigenous Studies ◽  
New Materialism ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Agential Realism ◽  
The World ◽  
Narrative Forms ◽  
Nonhuman Agency

Agential realism—the idea that it makes sense to view the world as being composed of various forms of protean nonhuman agency—has been a topic of discussion for many social science scholars in recent years. This increase of interest in agent ontologies can be attributed to the new feminist materialist movement in the philosophy of science literature. However, agent ontologies also are found in Indigenous studies literature and in Peircean pragmatism. These latter sources are also a part of the current methodological conversation about nonhuman agency. This article explores the connections between agential realist philosophy and social science research that employs narrative forms of analysis and representation. The goal is to assist narrative researchers in avoiding oversimplification by tracing out different strands in these literatures and mapping out points of connection and disconnection in detail. Intersections that hold the promise of complementary development are highlighted.

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