Who Will Stay and Who Will Go? A Review of Older Adults’ Adherence to Randomized Controlled Trials of Exercise

2001 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen A. Martin ◽  
Adrienne R. Sinden
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Exercise Prescription ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Exercise Adherence ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Randomized Controlled

This study examined exercise-adherence rates and their predictors across 21 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving older adults (age ≥ 55 years). On average, participants completed 78% of their prescribed exercise bouts. Adherence tended to be greater in strength- and flexibility-exercise training programs (M = 87%) than in aerobic-exercise training programs (M = 75%). The best adherers were individuals who were fitter at baseline, had a history of a physically active lifestyle, were nonsmokers, and had higher exercise self-efficacy. Different variables predicted adherence (a) at different time points in a RCT. (b) to different types of exercise, and (c) to different aspects of the exercise prescription (i.e., frequency, intensity, and duration). The findings suggest that older adults might be more adherent to exercise prescriptions than younger adults are. There is also a need for more theory-based research to examine predictors of adherence to various aspects of the exercise prescription.

The Effect of Unsupervised Home-Based Exercise Training on Physical Functioning Outcomes in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

2021 ◽  
pp. 109980042198943
Author(s):  
Mahdi Mahjur ◽  
Ali Asghar Norasteh
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Physical Functioning ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Body Strength

Background: Exercise training such as balance, aerobic, and resistance training is able to improve physical functioning of older adults. Delivering such exercise regimes at home without supervision may be useful for older adults because they do not have to leave their homes. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials aimed to establish the effect of unsupervised home-based exercise training regimes on physical functioning (balance and muscle strength) in older adults. Data sources: PubMed, CINAHL, Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases and reference lists of included investigations were searched. Study selection: Thirteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise training impact on balance and upper body strength with concurrent control groups were included in the analysis. Results: Our analyses revealed that in older adults, unsupervised home-based various exercise training was effective in improving measures of proactive balance (mean difference (MD) = −1.37 s; 95% confidence interval (CI), −2.24, −0.51 s; p = 0.002) and balance test battery (MD: 1.80; 95% CI, 0.46, 3.14 s; p = 0.009). There were no significant differences between the experimental and control groups for upper body strength ( p > 0.05). Conclusion: Unsupervised home-based exercise training improves balance in older adults. Future investigations are needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying unsupervised home-based exercise training’s effect on this population’s physical functioning outcomes.

scholarly journals Effect of Chronic Resistance Training on Circulating Irisin: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2476
Author(s):  
Pedro L. Cosio ◽  
Manuel Crespo-Posadas ◽  
Álvaro Velarde-Sotres ◽  
Mireia Pelaez
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Resistance Training Program ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Subgroup Analyses

Irisin seems to play an important role in several chronic diseases, however, the interactions between chronic training and irisin are still unclear. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effect of chronic resistance training on circulating irisin in adults. Literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and EBSCOhost (Academic Search Complete) until December 2020. Randomized controlled trials researching irisin levels after a resistance training program for at least 8 weeks among an adult population were eligible. Other inclusion criteria comprised recruiting a control group and reporting circulating irisin through ELISA kits. Cohen’s d effect size and subgroup analyses (95% confidence level) were calculated using a random effects analysis model. Data of the seven included studies comprising 282 individuals showed an increasing and non-significant tendency after a resistance training program (d = 0.58, 95% CI: −0.25 to 1.40, p = 0.17). Subgroup analyses showed significant increases for the older adults group (p < 0.001) and when training is demanding and progressive in terms of intensity (p = 0.03). Data suggest that resistance training programs seem to increase circulating irisin, especially in older adults and in demanding and progressive training programs. However, more studies should be conducted using robust measurement methods, such as mass spectrometry, to better understand the interaction between chronic resistance exercise and irisin.

scholarly journals Attention to principles of exercise training: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials in cancers other than breast and prostate

BMC Cancer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelcey A. Bland ◽  
Sarah E. Neil-Sztramko ◽  
Kendra Zadravec ◽  
Mary E. Medysky ◽  
Jeffrey Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Exercise Prescription ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Initial Values ◽  
Study Results

Abstract Background The primary objective of this systematic review was to update our previous review on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise in cancers other than breast or prostate, evaluating: 1) the application of principles of exercise training within the exercise prescription; 2) reporting of the exercise prescription components (i.e., frequency, intensity, time, and type (FITT)); and 3) reporting of participant adherence to FITT. A secondary objective was to examine whether reporting of these interventions had improved over time. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from 2012 to 2020. Eligible studies were RCTs of at least 4 weeks of aerobic and/or resistance exercise that reported on physiological outcomes relating to exercise (e.g., aerobic capacity, muscular strength) in people with cancer other than breast or prostate. Results Eighty-six new studies were identified in the updated search, for a total of 107 studies included in this review. The principle of specificity was applied by 91%, progression by 32%, overload by 46%, initial values by 72%, reversibility by 7% and diminishing returns by 5%. A significant increase in the percentage of studies that appropriately reported initial values (46 to 80%, p < 0.001) and progression (15 to 37%, p = 0.039) was found for studies published after 2011 compared to older studies. All four FITT prescription components were fully reported in the methods in 58% of all studies, which was higher than the proportion that fully reported adherence to the FITT prescription components in the results (7% of studies). Reporting of the FITT exercise prescription components and FITT adherence did not improve in studies published after 2011 compared to older studies. Conclusion Full reporting of exercise prescription and adherence still needs improvement within exercise oncology RCTs. Some aspects of exercise intervention reporting have improved since 2011, including the reporting of the principles of progression and initial values. Enhancing the reporting of exercise prescriptions, particularly FITT adherence, may provide better context for interpreting study results and improve research to practice translation.

The effect of exercise training on blood pressure in African and Asian populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Bersaoui ◽  
Se-Sergio M Baldew ◽  
Nils Cornelis ◽  
Jerry Toelsie ◽  
Veronique A Cornelissen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Asian Origin ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Asian Populations

Background Exercise is key in the primary prevention and management of hypertension. Yet, current exercise recommendations are predominantly based on meta-analyses involving populations of European descent. Since blood pressure (BP) responses to pharmaceutical interventions are known to differ among ethnic groups, we aimed to investigate the BP responses to exercise training in non-European descendants. Purpose The aim of this study was to systematically summarize the available literature on the efficacy of exercise on BP in healthy adults (age ≥18 years) of African or Asian origin. Methods We searched the MEDLINE database for randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effect of exercise training on BP in healthy African and Asian adults with optimal BP, elevated BP or hypertension and published in a peer-reviewed journal up to May 2019. Random effect models were fitted to estimate the effect sizes. Results We identified 22 trials involving individuals of Asian origin ( n = 931; mean age: 44 years; 41% male) and four trials involving individuals of African origin ( n = 510; mean age: 56.7 years; 80% male). Aerobic exercise training significantly ( p < 0.001) reduced systolic and diastolic BP in each ethnic group. Resistance training did not affect the BP of Asian participants with optimal BP. The effect of resistance training in Asians with elevated BP or hypertension and Africans could not be determined due to lack of data. Sub-analyses suggested somewhat larger reductions in systolic BP following aerobic training in hypertensive Africans compared with hypertensive Asians. Conclusions We found favorable effects of aerobic exercise training on BP in the African and the Asian populations. However, the overall low number of studies and especially the lack of data on resistance training and combined training in African and Asian populations warrant more research to improve the quality of evidence.

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