Two- and Three-Dimensional Relationships Between Knee and Hip Kinematic Motion Analysis: Single-Leg Drop-Jump Landings

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Sorenson ◽  
Thomas W. Kernozek ◽  
John David Willson ◽  
Robert Ragan ◽  
Jordan Hove
Keyword(s):  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Lower Extremity Injury ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Drop Landings

Context:Hip- and knee-joint kinematics during drop landings are relevant to lower-extremity injury mechanisms. In clinical research the “gold standard” for joint kinematic assessment is 3-dimensional (3D) motion analysis. However, 2-dimensional (2D) kinematic analysis is an objective and feasible alternative.Objective:To quantify the relationship between 2D and 3D hip and knee kinematics in single-leg drop landings and test for a set of 3D hip and knee kinematics that best predicts 2D kinematic measures during single-leg drop landings Design: Descriptive, comparative laboratory study.Participants:31 healthy college-age women (65.5 kg [SD 12.3], 168.1 cm [SD 6.7]).Methods:Participants performed five 40-cm single-leg landings during motion capture at 240 Hz. Multiple regressions were used to predict relationships for knee and hip between 2D frontal-plane projection angles (FPPA) and 3D measurements.Results:2D knee FPPA had a strong relationship with 3D frontal-plane knee kinematics at initial contact (IC) (r2 = .72), which was only minimally improved with the addition of knee sagittal-plane and hip transverse-plane positions at IC (r2 = .77). In contrast, 2D knee FPPA had a low relationship with 3D knee-abduction excursion (r2 = .06). The addition of knee sagittal-plane and hip transverse-plane motions did not improve this relationship (r2 = .14). 2D hip FPPA had a moderate relationship with 3D frontal-plane hip position at IC (r2 = .52), which was strengthened with the addition of hip sagittal-plane position (r2 = .60). In addition, hip 2D FPPA into adduction excursion had a strong association with 3D hip-adduction excursion (r2 = .70).Conclusion:2D kinematics can predict 3D frontal-plane hip and knee position at IC during a single-leg landing but predict 3D frontal-plane knee excursion with far less accuracy.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Frontal and Transverse Plane Hip and Knee Kinematics During the Modified Star Excursion Balance Test

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad W. Willis ◽  
Swithin Razu ◽  
Kelli Baggett ◽  
Amirhossein Jahandar ◽  
Aaron D. Gray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Lower Extremity Injury ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Star Excursion Balance Test

AbstractPurpose. The modified Star Excursion Balance Test (mSEBT) assesses dynamic neuromuscular control, with predictive ability regarding lower extremity injury risk. Previous kinematic mSEBT analyses are limited to sex differences between injured or fatigued populations or non-fatigued groups in the sagittal plane only. We hypothesize that sex differences exist in the frontal and transverse plane kinematics of the hip and knee in healthy, non-fatigued subjects during the mSEBT. Methods. The descriptive laboratory study involved 38 healthy subjects: 20 males (aged 24.8 ± 2.7 years) and 18 females (24.1 ± 3.7 years). Peak kinematics, obtained by a VICON

scholarly journals Comparison of six different marker sets to analyze knee kinematics and kinetics during landings

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Kerkhoff ◽  
Heiko Wagner ◽  
Klaus Peikenkamp
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Plane Motion ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
High Dynamic ◽  
Joint Load ◽  
Force Data

AbstractIn motion analysis marker sets or protocols are mostly developed for gait analysis and it has been shown that the marker set used affects the results of gait analysis. These marker sets are also used for the analysis of high dynamic sports movements. Single-leg landings are a common tool to investigate functional knee stability and further to predict injury risks where frontal plane motion and loading seem to play an important role. Until now, it is unknown how the marker sets affect the motion analysis results of such high dynamic movements. Therefore, the aim of the study was to compare six different marker sets. Three-dimensional motion and force data of single-leg landings in 12 healthy subjects were collected. Six different marker sets consisting of up to 26 markers and two clusters were simultaneously attached to the subjects’ lower limb and pelvis. The results show that particularly, the knee joint angles in the frontal and transverse plane showed the greatest differences between marker sets with in part contrary joint angle directions and great differences in angle magnitude. In addition, the amount of joint load was dependent on the marker set used for analysis. These results show that one must be careful when interpreting and comparing data of the frontal or transverse plane during high dynamic movements.

Implications of Increased Lower Extremity Movement Variability on Fall Susceptibility at Increased Stride Lengths During Locomotion

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Nordin ◽  
Joshua P. Bailey ◽  
Janet S. Dufek
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Knee Joints ◽  
Lower Extremity Injury ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Heel Contact

The purpose of this examination was to explore the effects of stride length (SL) perturbations on walking gait, relative to preferred walking (PW) and running (PR), via lower extremity range of motion (ROM) variability. ROM variability at the hip, knee, and ankle joints, in the sagittal and frontal planes were used in evaluating motor control of gait, where increased gait variability has been previously implicated in fall susceptibly. Nine participants (5 male, 4 female; mean age 23.11±3.55 years, height 1.72±0.18m, mass 72.66±14.37kg) free from previous lower extremity injury were examined. Kinematic data were acquired using a 12-camera system (Vicon MX T40-S; 200Hz). Data filtering and interpolation included a low pass, 4th order, Butterworth filter (15Hz cutoff) and cubic spline. Five gait trials were completed for PW and PR, with subsequent SL manipulations computed as a percentage of leg length (LL). SL perturbations included 60%, 80%, 100%, 120%, and 140% of LL. Kinematic analysis involved one stride (two steps) during each gait trial, assessing ROM at the hip, knee, and ankle from heel contact to toe-off for each limb, in the sagittal and frontal planes. Variability was expressed using coefficient of variation (%). Comparisons were made using 3×7 (joint × stride condition) mixed model ANOVAs, with repeated measures on stride condition (α = 0.05), using SPSS 20.0. Differences in lower extremity ROM variability were detected among stride conditions in the frontal and sagittal planes (F[3.185,76.451] = 3.004, p = .033; F[4.595,110.279] = 2.834, p = .022, respectively). Greater ROM variability was observed at, and in excess of SLs of 100%LL relative to PW in the frontal plane (PW: 9.2±4.2%; 100%LL: 11.8±3.6%, p = .014; 120%LL: 13.5±5.8%, p = .046; 140%LL: 13.8±6.5%, p = .016), and between SLs of 80%LL and 120%LL in the sagittal plane (4.9±3.0%; 7.8±4.7%, p = .046, respectively). From this, PW appeared to occur within SLs of 60%LL to 80%LL, while SLs exceeding 100%LL resulted in increased lower extremity ROM variability. This may have consequences for fall susceptibility at increased stride lengths during walking. PR did not reveal significant variability differences (p>.05) compared to walking conditions in either the sagittal or frontal plane (7.5±5.0%; 12.8±7.7%, respectively), suggesting that running represents a separate, but stable gait pattern. In the sagittal plane, ROM variability was significantly lower at the hip (3.9±1.5%), relative to the ankle (8.4±1.6%, p<.001) and knee joints (7.4±2.6%, p = .001), suggesting that gait control may be more active at the ankle and knee joints. Future investigations should examine kinetic changes in gait when altering stride length.

Further studies into proximal interphalangeal joint dimensions for the design of a surface replacement prosthesis: Medullary cavities and transverse plane shapes

1997 ◽  
Vol 211 (5) ◽  
pp. 377-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
H E Ash ◽  
A Unsworth
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Proximal Phalanx ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Medullary Canal ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Maximum Depth ◽  
Surface Replacement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Middle Ring ◽  
Replacement Prosthesis

The proximal and middle phalanges from 83 proximal interphalangeal joints (PIPJs) were set in clear plastic and sectioned in the transverse plane leaving the heads whole. The sections were cleaned, shadowgraphed and measured. The medullary canals were marked on sagittal and frontal plane shadowgraphs of the intact bones and analysed. The information was then used in the design of a surface replacement prosthesis for the PIPJs. The main dorsal surface of the proximal phalanx (PP) was found to be angled to the longitudinal baseline of the bone by a mean of 5.19°. This angle increased just proximal to the phalangeal head to a mean of 11.84°. The mean ratio between these angles was 2.71. The phalangeal shaft bone was thicker laterally than dorsally and palmarly, and thicker dorsally than palmarly for the proximal and middle phalanges throughout the length of the bone. The shape and size of the transverse cross-section of the medullary canal changed throughout the length of the shaft. The centreline of the PP medullary canal coincided with the midline of the bone in the frontal plane and was approximately a straight line along the length of the canal. In the sagittal plane the centreline was slightly palmar to the midline and the angle between it and the longitudinal baseline of the bone changed along the length of the canal. In the region of the shaft just proximal to the PP head (where the stem of a surface replacement prosthesis would fit) the mean angle was 10.63°. The centreline was offset dorsally from the centre of rotation of the PIPJ by a mean of 0.83 mm, 0.83 mm, 0.80 mm and 0.57 mm for the index, middle, ring and little fingers respectively, with an overall mean of 0.76 mm. The mean PP head heights (transverse plane) were 9.17 mm, 9.33 mm, 8.73 mm and 7.40 mm and the mean PP widths (transverse plane) were 12.86 mm, 13.25 mm, 12.75 mm and 10.54 mm for the index, middle, ring and little fingers respectively. The mean angle between the lateral sides of the condyles to the transverse baseline was 78.35° and the mean distance from the centreline of the PP head (transverse plane) to the bases of the two condyles was 4.69 mm. The mean maximum depth of the PP head intercondylar sulcus in the frontal plane was 0.72 mm and in the transverse plane, the mean maximum depth of the intercondylar sulcus on the anterior face was 0.82 mm.

scholarly journals Reliability of two-dimensional measures associated with bilateral drop-landing performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Louis Howe ◽  
Theodoros M. Bampouras ◽  
Jamie S. North ◽  
Mark Waldron
Keyword(s):  
Video Analysis ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Drop Landing ◽  
Joint Displacement ◽  
Drop Landings ◽  
Absolute Reliability

The aim of this study was to establish the within-session reliability for two-dimensional (2D) video analysis of sagittal- and frontal-plane measures during bilateral drop-landing tasks. Thirty-nine recreational athletes (22 men, 17 women, age = 22 ± 4 years, height = 1.74 ± 0.15 m, body mass 70.2 ± 15.1 kg) performed five bilateral drop-landings from 50, 100 and 150% of maximum countermovement jump height, twice on the same day. Measures of reliability for initial contact angle, peak flexion angle and joint displacement for the hip, knee, and ankle joints, frontal-plane projection angles (FPPA), as well as inter-limb asymmetries in joint displacement were assessed. No systematic bias was present between trials (P>0.05). All kinematic measurements showed relative reliability ranging from large to near perfect (ICC = 0.52–0.96). Absolute reliability ranged between measures, with CV% between 1.0–1.6% for initial contact angles, 1.9–7.9% for peak flexion angles, 5.3–22.4% for joint displacement, and 1.6–2.3% for FPPA. Absolute reliability for inter-limb asymmetries in joint displacement were highly variable, with minimal detectable change values ranging from 6.0–13.2°. Therefore, 2D video analysis is a reliable tool for numerous measures related to the performance of bilateral drop-landings.

scholarly journals MOVEMENT VARIABILITY IN PRE-TEEN AND TEENAGE ATHLETES DURING SPORTS RELATED TASKS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0015
Author(s):  
Bianca Edison ◽  
Bridget O’Callahan ◽  
Nicole M. Mueske ◽  
Adriana Conrad-Forrest ◽  
Mia J. Katzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Drop Jump ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Within Subject Variability

Background: Movement variability may affect injury assessment and may change as athletes mature. Hypothesis/Purpose: We hypothesized that pre-teen athletes would exhibit greater variability than teenage athletes when performing drop jump, heel touch, and single leg hop motions. Methods: 55 uninjured pediatric athletes were divided into pre-teen (age 7-12 years; n=29; 11 female) and teenage (age 13-15 years; n=26; 13 female) groups of similar size. All participants performed 2-3 repetitions per side of three sports related tasks: drop jump (41 cm), heel touch (single-leg squat from 15 cm or 23 cm step, depending on whether subject height <155 cm), and single leg hop for distance. 3D kinematics were recorded using motion capture during the loading phase of each task. To assess intra-individual variability, we examined the standard deviation (SD) and range (maximum-minimum) of key metrics among the multiple repetitions of each task performed by each participant. Variability was compared between age groups using 2-sided t-tests. Results: In the drop jump and heel touch, the younger group was more variable than the older group (Figure 1.1 left). The median within-subject SD of repeat measurements varied from 1-6° in the sagittal plane, 1-3° in the frontal plane, and 1-4° in the transverse plane over both groups (Table 1.2), while the within-subject range of measurements varied from 2-11° in the sagittal, 2-5° in the frontal, and 2-7° in the transverse planes (Table 1.3). Representing a worst-case scenario, the 95th percentile for range of measurements was >15° for many sagittal plane variables and >10° for many frontal and transverse plane variables in the younger group. In the singl- leg hop, the older group was much more variable than the younger group in the sagittal plane, particularly at the trunk, pelvis, and ankle (Figure 1.1 right). The younger group was still more variable than the older group at the trunk and pelvis in the transverse plane. Median within-subject variability ranged from 2-9° for SD and 3-17° for range of repeat measurements. Conclusion: There was substantial within-subject variability in performing sports related tasks for pediatric athletes of all ages. Variability was generally lower for older athletes, but was particularly high in the older group for sagittal plane trunk and pelvis motion during single-leg hop landing, which may reflect the need to adjust for less constrained positioning of a larger proximal mass. The high variability in performing sports tasks suggests that multiple trials should be analyzed for a more complete and representative evaluation. [Figure: see text][Table: see text][Table: see text]

Knee Flexion Angle at Initial Contact During Jump Landing in Individuals With and Without Chronic Ankle Instability: A Critically-Appraised Topic

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
Jacob T. Hartzell ◽  
Kyle B. Kosik ◽  
Matthew C. Hoch ◽  
Phillip A. Gribble
Keyword(s):  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Ankle Instability ◽  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
Chronic Ankle Instability ◽  
Flexion Angle ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Knee Flexion Angle ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Jump Landing

Clinical Scenario: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is characterized by the residual symptoms and feelings of instability that persist after an acute ankle sprain. Current literature has identified several neuromuscular impairments associated with CAI that may negatively impact sagittal plane knee kinematics during dynamic activities. This has led researchers to begin examining sagittal plane knee kinematics during jump landing tasks. Understanding changes in movement patterns at the knee may assist clinicians in designing rehabilitation plans that target both the ankle and more proximal joints, such as the knee. Clinical Question: What is the evidence to support the notion that patients with CAI have decreased sagittal plane knee flexion angle at initial contact during a jump-landing task compared to healthy individuals? Summary of Key Findings: The literature was systematically searched for level 4 evidence or higher. The search yielded two case-control studies which met the inclusion criteria. Based on limited evidence, there are mixed results for whether sagittal plane knee kinematic at initial contact differ between those with and without CAI. Clinical Bottom Line: There is weak evidence to support changes in sagittal plane knee kinematics at initial contact during a jump landing in individuals with CAI compared to healthy controls. Strength of Recommendation: In accordance with the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, a grade of C for level 4 evidence is recommended due to variable findings.

Reliability and Validity of Instrumented Soccer Equipment

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan S. Akins ◽  
Nicholas R. Heebner ◽  
Mita Lovalekar ◽  
Timothy C. Sell
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Joint Kinematics ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Lower Extremity Injury ◽  
Good Test ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Ankle ligament sprains are the most common injury in soccer. The high rate of these injuries demonstrates a need for novel data collection methodologies. Therefore, soccer shoes and shin guards were instrumented with inertial sensors to measure ankle joint kinematics in the field. The purpose of this study was to assess test-retest reliability and concurrent criterion validity of a kinematic assessment using the instrumented soccer equipment. Twelve soccer athletes performed athletic maneuvers in the laboratory and field during 2 sessions. In the laboratory, ankle joint kinematics were simultaneously measured with the instrumented equipment and a conventional motion analysis system. Reliability was assessed using ICC and validity was assessed using correlation coefficients and RMSE. While our design criteria of good test-retest reliability was not supported (ICC > .80), sagittal plane ICCs were mostly fair to good and similar to motion analysis results; and sagittal plane data were valid (r = .90−.98; RMSE < 5°). Frontal and transverse plane data were not valid (r < .562; RMSE > 3°). Our results indicate that the instrumented soccer equipment can be used to measure sagittal plane ankle joint kinematics. Biomechanical studies support the utility of sagittal plane measures for lower extremity injury prevention.

Ankle Dorsiflexion Displacement During Landing is Associated With Initial Contact Kinematics but not Joint Displacement

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Begalle ◽  
Meghan C. Walsh ◽  
Melanie L. McGrath ◽  
Michelle C. Boling ◽  
J. Troy Blackburn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Ankle Dorsiflexion ◽  
Lower Extremity Injury ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Joint Displacement ◽  
Jump Landings

The ankle, knee, and hip joints work together in the sagittal plane to absorb landing forces. Reduced sagittal plane motion at the ankle may alter landing strategies at the knee and hip, potentially increasing injury risk; however, no studies have examined the kinematic relationships between the joints during jump landings. Healthy adults (N = 30; 15 male, 15 female) performed jump landings onto a force plate while three-dimensional kinematic data were collected. Joint displacement values were calculated during the loading phase as the difference between peak and initial contact angles. No relationship existed between ankle dorsiflexion displacement during landing and three-dimensional knee and hip displacements. However, less ankle dorsiflexion displacement was associated with landing at initial ground contact with larger hip flexion, hip internal rotation, knee flexion, knee varus, and smaller plantar flexion angles. Findings of the current study suggest that restrictions in ankle motion during landing may contribute to contacting the ground in a more flexed position but continuing through little additional motion to absorb the landing. Transverse plane hip and frontal plane knee positioning may also occur, which are known to increase the risk of lower extremity injury.

scholarly journals The Relationships Between the Center of Mass Position and the Trunk, Hip, and Knee Kinematics in the Sagittal Plane: A Pilot Study on Field-Based Video Analysis for Female Soccer Players

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shogo Sasaki ◽  
Yasuharu Nagano ◽  
Satoshi Kaneko ◽  
Shoichiro Imamura ◽  
Takuma Koabayshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Video Analysis ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Base Of Support

Abstract Athletes with non-contact anterior cruciate ligament tears have common features in the sagittal plane; namely, the body’s center of mass (COM) is located posterior to the base of support, the trunk and knee joints are extended, and the hip angle is flexed. However, the relationships among these variables have not been assessed in field-based movements. This study sought to determine relationships between distances from the COM to the base of support and the trunk, hip, and knee positions in women while playing soccer. Sixty events (29 single-leg landing and 31 single-leg stopping events) were analyzed using two-dimensional video analysis. The relationships among the measurement variables were determined using the Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple linear regression models were used to explore the relationships between the COM position and the kinematic variables. The distance from the COM to the base of support displayed a moderate negative relationship with the trunk angle (r = - 0.623, p < .0001, r2 = 0.388) and a strong positive relationship with the limb angle (r = 0.869, p < .0001, r2 = 0.755). The limb, knee, and trunk angles were selected in the best regression model (adjusted r2 = 0.953, p < .0001, f2 = 20.277). These findings suggest that an increased trunk angle and a decreased limb angle at initial contact are associated with a safer COM position. Neuromuscular training may be useful for controlling the trunk and lower limb positions during dynamic activities.

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