scholarly journals Efficacy of Neutral Electrolyzed Water for Inactivation of Human Norovirus

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Moorman ◽  
Naim Montazeri ◽  
Lee-Ann Jaykus
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Electrochemical Activation ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Electrolyzed Water ◽  
Astm Method ◽  
Steel Surfaces ◽  
Soil Load ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Human norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Persistence on surfaces and resistance to many conventional disinfectants contribute to widespread transmission of norovirus. We examined the efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (NEW; pH 7) for inactivation of human NoV GII.4 Sydney in suspension (ASTM method 1052-11) and on stainless steel surfaces (ASTM method 1053-11) with and without an additional soil load. The impact of the disinfectant on viral capsid was assessed using reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR; with an RNase pretreatment), SDS-PAGE, transmission electron microscopy, and a histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) receptor-binding assay. These studies were done in parallel with those using Tulane virus (TuV), a cultivable human NoV surrogate. Neutral electrolyzed water at 250 ppm free available chlorine produced a 4.8- and 0.4-log10 reduction in NoV genome copy number after 1 min in suspension and on stainless steel, respectively. Increasing the contact time on surfaces to 5, 10, 15, and 30 min reduced human NoV genomic copies by 0.5, 1.6, 2.4, and 5.0 log10 and TuV infectious titers by 2.4, 3.0, 3.8, and 4.1 log10 PFU, respectively. Increased soil load effectively eliminated antiviral efficacy regardless of testing method and virus. Exposure to NEW induced a near complete loss of receptor binding (5 ppm, 30 s), degradation of VP1 major capsid protein (250 ppm, 5 min), and increased virus particle aggregation (150 ppm, 30 min). Neutral electrolyzed water at 250 ppm shows promise as an antinoroviral disinfectant when used on precleaned stainless steel surfaces. IMPORTANCE Norovirus is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Transmission occurs by fecal-oral or vomitus-oral routes. The persistence of norovirus on contaminated environmental surfaces exacerbates its spread, as does its resistance to many conventional disinfectants. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the antinoroviral efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (NEW), a novel chlorine-based disinfectant that can be used at reduced concentrations, making it more environmentally friendly and less corrosive than bleach. An industrial-scale electrochemical activation device capable of producing relatively stable electrolyzed water at a wide pH range was used in this study. Experiments showed that 250 ppm NEW effectively eliminated (defined as a 5-log10 reduction) human norovirus GII.4 Sydney (epidemic strain) on clean stainless steel surfaces after a 30-min exposure. Supporting studies showed that, like bleach, NEW causes inactivation by disrupting the virus capsid. This product shows promise as a bleach alternative with antinoroviral efficacy.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a New Environmental Sampling Protocol for Detection of Human Norovirus on Inanimate Surfaces

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (17) ◽  
pp. 5987-5992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geun Woo Park ◽  
David Lee ◽  
Aimee Treffiletti ◽  
Mario Hrsak ◽  
Jill Shugart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Environmental Sampling ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Toilet Seat ◽  
Outbreak Investigations ◽  
Norovirus Gii

ABSTRACTInanimate surfaces are regarded as key vehicles for the spread of human norovirus during outbreaks. ISO method 15216 involves the use of cotton swabs for environmental sampling from food surfaces and fomites for the detection of norovirus genogroup I (GI) and GII. We evaluated the effects of the virus drying time (1, 8, 24, or 48 h), swab material (cotton, polyester, rayon, macrofoam, or an antistatic wipe), surface (stainless steel or a toilet seat), and area of the swabbed surface (25.8 cm2to 645.0 cm2) on the recovery of human norovirus. Macrofoam swabs produced the highest rate of recovery of norovirus from surfaces as large as 645 cm2. The rates of recovery ranged from 2.2 to 36.0% for virus seeded on stainless-steel coupons (645.0 cm2) to 1.2 to 33.6% for toilet seat surfaces (700 cm2), with detection limits of 3.5 log10and 4.0 log10RNA copies. We used macrofoam swabs to collect environmental samples from several case cabins and common areas of a cruise ship where passengers had reported viral gastroenteritis symptoms. Seventeen (18.5%) of 92 samples tested positive for norovirus GII, and 4 samples could be sequenced and had identical GII.1 sequences. The viral loads of the swab samples from the cabins of the sick passengers ranged from 80 to 31,217 RNA copies, compared with 16 to 113 RNA copies for swab samples from public spaces. In conclusion, our swab protocol for norovirus may be a useful tool for outbreak investigations when no clinical samples are available to confirm the etiology.

The Impact of Acid Treatments and Electropolishing Stainless-Steel Surfaces on Tritium Inventories

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Fagan ◽  
M. Sharpe ◽  
W. T. Shmayda ◽  
W. U. Schröder
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Steel Surfaces ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Acid Treatments

scholarly journals Nanosecond Laser Fabrication of Hydrophobic Stainless Steel Surfaces: The Impact on Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehran Rafieazad ◽  
Jaffer Jaffer ◽  
Cong Cui ◽  
Xili Duan ◽  
Ali Nasiri
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Base Metal ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Laser Surface Texturing ◽  
Nanosecond Laser ◽  
Textured Surfaces ◽  
Laser Texturing ◽  
Steel Surfaces ◽  
The Impact

Creation of hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces has attracted broad attention as a promising solution for protection of metal surfaces from corrosive environments. This work investigates the capability of nanosecond fiber laser surface texturing followed by a low energy coating in the fabrication of hydrophobic 17-4 PH stainless steel surfaces as an alternative to the ultrashort lasers previously utilized for hydrophobic surfaces production. Laser texturing of the surface followed by applying the hydrophobic coating resulted in steady-state contact angles of up to 145°, while the non-textured coated base metal exhibited the contact angle of 121°. The microstructure and compositional analysis results confirmed that the laser texturing process neither affects the microstructure of the base metal nor causes elemental loss from the melted regions during the ultrafast melting process. However, the electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the water-repelling property of the surface did not contribute to the anticorrosion capability of the substrate. The resultant higher corrosion current density, lower corrosion potential, and higher corrosion rate of the laser textured surfaces were ascribed to the size of fabricated surface micro-grooves, which cannot retain the entrapped air inside the hierarchical structure when fully immersed in a corrosive medium, thus degrading the material’s corrosion performance.

Evaluation of the Transfer of Listeria monocytogenes from Stainless Steel and High-Density Polyethylene to Bologna and American Cheese

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 600-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRÉS RODRÍGUEZ ◽  
LYNNE A. McLANDSBOROUGH
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
High Density ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
Type Stainless Steel ◽  
Steel Surfaces ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study was to determine the factors involved in the transfer of Listeria monocytogenes from surfaces to foods. We evaluated the influence of surface type (stainless steel and high-density polyethylene), inoculation method (biofilm growth and attached cells), hydration level (visibly dry and wet), and food type (bologna and American cheese). Each experiment included all 16 combinations and was repeated 11 times. A four-strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes was used to inoculate stainless steel and high-density polyethylene either as growing biofilms or attached cells. Slides were placed on a universal testing machine and brought into contact with food at a constant pressure (45 kPa) and time (30 s). Food slices were blended, the number of transferred cells was determined by plating, and the efficiency of transfer (EOT) was calculated. The results strongly suggest that stainless steel surfaces transferred more L. monocytogenes to foods than did polyethylene (P = 0.05). Independent of the surface, biofilms tended to transfer more L. monocytogenes to foods (EOT = 0.57) than did attached cells (EOT = 0.16). Among foods, L. monocytogenes was transferred to bologna more easily than to cheese (P < 0.05). The impact of hydration on transfer was significantly higher for dried biofilms growing on stainless steel (P < 0.05). No significant differences for hydration were seen under other conditions (P > 0.05). We hypothesize that drying weakens cell-to-cell interactions in biofilms and cell-to-surface interactions of biofilms and thus allows increased transfer of cells to food products.

"Escherichia coli-milk" Biofilm Removal from Stainless Steel Surfaces: Synergism between Ultrasonic Waves and Enzymes

Biofouling ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Oulahal- Lagsir ◽  
Adele Martial- Gros ◽  
Marc Bonneauc ◽  
Loic Bluma
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Biofilm Removal ◽  
Steel Surfaces

" Escherichia coli -milk" Biofilm Removal from Stainless Steel Surfaces: Synergism between Ultrasonic Waves and Enzymes

Biofouling ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
NADIA OULAHAL-LAGSIR ◽  
ADELE MARTIAL-GROS ◽  
MARC BONNEAU ◽  
LOIC BLUM
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Biofilm Removal ◽  
Steel Surfaces

Use of eugenol and cuminaldehyde for disinfection of stainless steel surfaces

Planta Medica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Gomes ◽  
J Malheiro ◽  
A Abreu ◽  
A Borges ◽  
F Mergulhão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Steel Surfaces

Comparative analytical study of Ashuddha Karaveera and Shuddha Karaveera

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Apeksha D. Patil ◽  
Dhiraj B. Patil
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Foreign Matter ◽  
Steel Vessel ◽  
Mild Heat ◽  
Stainless Steel Vessel ◽  
The Impact

Karaveera (Cerebra thevetia Linn.) is reported under Upavisha Dravya in classical ayurvedic pharmacopeias. It is observed that Shodhana (purification procedures) of the mool should be carried out before its internal administration. There are different Shodhana methods mentioned in Ayurveda. In this study Godugdha was used as media. The impact of Shodhana was evaluated by physico analytical study. It clearly proves physico analytical changes during Shodhana. Ashuddha Karaveera was taken on white clean cloth and they dumped in Pottali with Godugdha. Pottali was tied to middle of wooden rod dipped in Godugdha in stainless steel vessel and mild heat given to pottali in Dolayantra. Shuddha Karaveera was obtained and then washed with leuk warm water and dried. Ashuddha Karaveera contains toxin in it which was removed after Shodhana process. So that foreign matter, loss on drying was less in Shuddha Karaveera and due to Shodhan process with Godugdha total ash, acid insoluble ash was more than that of Ashuddha Karaveera.

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