scholarly journals Cryptosporidium Source Tracking in the Potomac River Watershed

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (21) ◽  
pp. 6495-6504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenli Yang ◽  
Plato Chen ◽  
Eric N. Villegas ◽  
Ronald B. Landy ◽  
Charles Kanetsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Potomac River ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
River Watershed ◽  
Storm Flow

ABSTRACT To better characterize Cryptosporidium in the Potomac River watershed, a PCR-based genotyping tool was used to analyze 64 base flow and 28 storm flow samples from five sites in the watershed. These sites included two water treatment plant intakes, as well as three upstream sites, each associated with a different type of land use. The uses, including urban wastewater, agricultural (cattle) wastewater, and wildlife, posed different risks in terms of the potential contribution of Cryptosporidium oocysts to the source water. Cryptosporidium was detected in 27 base flow water samples and 23 storm flow water samples. The most frequently detected species was C. andersoni (detected in 41 samples), while 14 other species or genotypes, almost all wildlife associated, were occasionally detected. The two common human-pathogenic species, C. hominis and C. parvum, were not detected. Although C. andersoni was common at all four sites influenced by agriculture, it was largely absent at the urban wastewater site. There were very few positive samples as determined by Environmental Protection Agency method 1623 at any site; only 8 of 90 samples analyzed (9%) were positive for Cryptosporidium as determined by microscopy. The genotyping results suggest that many of the Cryptosporidium oocysts in the water treatment plant source waters were from old calves and adult cattle and might not pose a significant risk to human health.

scholarly journals The formation of aldehydes and ketones ozonation by-products and their variation through general water treatment plant in Hamadan, Iran

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 682-691 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Methyl Glyoxal ◽  
Aldehydes And Ketones ◽  
Glyoxalic Acid ◽  
Treatment Train ◽  
By Products

<div> <p>The effect of pre-ozonation on the formation of four aldehydes (i.e. formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, methyl glyoxal) and two ketones (i.e. pyruvic acid and glioxalic acid) at the Beheshti water treatment plant in Hamadan, Iran were studied. Water samples were taken from the treatment plant at different points of the treatment train during September-January, 2013. The variation of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, methyl glyoxal, pyruvic acid, and acid glioxalic concentration within treatment process were monitored in September and January. The results indicated that formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the most abundant aldehyde species in the raw water. After pre-ozonation all of the aldehydes and ketones reached the maximum concentration. On the contrary, results show that the coagulation-filtration process was beneficial to the removal of aldehydes and ketones. Also, the results indicated that the level of aldehydes was increased after post chlorination. The percent increase was 52.3, 34.6, 12.1, 26.8 and 38% for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, methyl glyoxal and glyoxalic acid, respectively, in September. Therefore, final chlorination led to increase in the formation of aldehydes in the pre-ozonated water. Ketones were not detected in the post-chlorinated water. Moreover, there was no correlation between total organic carbon (TOC) and total aldehyde and total ketone in water samples.&nbsp;</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p>

scholarly journals Analysis of Water Treatment Plant Operation in Ilijaš Municipality

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (02) ◽  
pp. 153-163
Author(s):  
Stjepan Lakusic
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Settling Tank ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Second Line ◽  
First Line ◽  
Efficient Operation

The operation of the Karašnica Water Treatment Plant, forming part of the water system in Ilijaš Municipality, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, is analysed in the paper. Two distinct water treatment lines are described and analysed. The first line consists of an internal circular settling tank and rapid sand gravity filters, while the second line consists of an external circular settling tank and pressure filters. In order to evaluate operating efficiency, a tour of the system facilities was made, interviews with the employees were conducted, the existing documentation was examined, and additional physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of appropriate water samples were conducted. Following analysis of all available data, appropriate conclusions and significant recommendations were made toward more efficient operation of the water treatment plant.

scholarly journals Chemical and ecotoxicological assessments of water samples before and after being processed by a Water Treatment Plant

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Teresa Rosim Monteiro ◽  
Gabriela Helena Silva ◽  
Tâmara Guindo Messias ◽  
Sonia Claudia Nascimento Queiroz ◽  
Marcia Regina Assalin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Before And After

scholarly journals Investigation of water quality changes in drinking water supplied from Sitlee water treatment plant on River Tawi to Old Jammu City, Jammu, J&K, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 601-607
Author(s):  
Poonam Kundan ◽  
Deepika Slathia
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Quality Changes ◽  
Distribution Point

In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the water quality changes in River Tawi water treated at Sitlee water treatment plant, and supplied for drinking to Old Jammu City, Jammu, J&K, India. Water samples from the treated water unit of Sitlee water treatment plant and around ten houses from the distribution point (Old Jammu City) were analyzed monthly for various physicochemical parameters for a period of one year (February 2014 to January 2015). The study indicated deterioration of drinking water quality during its passage through the distribution network which has been attributed to the leakages and defects in the old pipe system supplying water to the Jammu city. Comparison of analyzed water quality parameters with the drinking water standards prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) indicated that parameters like DO (7.49-8.24mg/l), calcium(49.93-67.08mg/l), magnesium(16.14-25.21mg/l) and potassium(6.99-7.93mg/l) were almost nearing the desirable limits but were within the permissible limits and parameters like turbidity(3.5-8.17 NTU) and total hardness(78.87-120.50mg/l) were above the desirable limits in the water samples collected from the distribution point. The collected primary data for the thirteen water quality parameters has been used to calculate the Arithmetic Water Quality Index(WQI) which has shown monsoon increase with higher values at distribution point(65.65). One time microbial analysis (MPN/100ml) for total and faecal coliform has indicated presence of faecal coliform (<1/100ml) in water samples from eight households at distribution point which indicates contamination of water with human faecal matter during its passage through the distribution network. According to microbial standards laid down by Central Pollution Control Board (2008), water contaminated with faecal coliform is unfit for drinking without conventional treatment.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Traditional Water Treatment Plant and Compact Units in Removing Viruses

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 528-536
Author(s):  
Yehia A. Osman ◽  
Waled M. El-Senousy ◽  
Adel A. El-Morsi ◽  
Mohammed K. Rashed
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Fecal Bacteria ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Pollution Indicator ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

The fecal bacteria have been taken as the gold standard for water industry. However, the spread of viral gastroenteritis due to drinking water have given a momentum to a recent push by microbiologists to consider viruses as important pollution indicator as fecal bacteria. Therefore, we designed a study to evaluate the efficiency of two types of water purification systems: the traditional water treatment plant and two types compact units. Both systems produced drinking waters free of bacteria, chemical contaminants and mostly viruses free.  However, recent advances in molecular biology techniques, such as RT-PCR have detected Rotaviruses in chlorinated drinking waters resulted from all systems. The frequency of Rotaviruses since October 2010 till September 2012 in Shark El-Mansoura WTP in drinking water samples was 12.5% similar to raw water. While the compact unit at Depo Awam (American design) the frequency of Rotavirus was 16.6% in both raw and drinking water samples.  On the other hand the virus frequency in the raw and drinking water sample in El-Danabik unit (Egyptian design) were 12.5% and 4.16% respectively. Signifying failure of the chlorination process in removing viruses completely.  However, detection of Rotavirus genome in the drinking water samples does not means the presence of its infectivity. The infectious ability of the rotaviruses was confirmed by CC-RT-PCR in all positive samples, where viral RNA was not detected in the collected drinking water samples.  In conclusion RT-PCR and CC-RT-PCR techniques high lightened the need to include viruses as mandatory pollution indicator in water treatment plants. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(3): 528-536

Cryptosporidium oocysts: are they still a risk for human population? A case study in Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Pignata ◽  
S i Bonetta ◽  
S a Bonetta ◽  
S M Cacciò ◽  
A R Sannella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts

Abstract Over the past decade, several outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis have been reported in many EU countries in association with the consumption of contaminated drinking water, recreational waters, food consumption and contact with animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) located in a rural area of northern Italy. Influent and effluent samples at the DWTP, together with tap water samples from a public fountain were collected for three years (2013-2016). All samples were analysed for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts by the EPA Method 1623 based on immunomagnetic separation (IMS)/immunofluorescence assay (IFA), complemented by 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. The detection has been implemented with a reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) protocol to evaluate the oocyst viability. The results highlighted a high variability of oocyst concentrations in all samples (mean 4.3 - 5.8/100 L) and a high percentage variability of the DAPI-positive specimens (mean 48.2% - 40.3%). Conversely, RT-PCR did not reveal the presence of any viable C. parvum and C. hominis oocysts. A nested PCR targeting Cryptosporidium 18S ribosomal DNA was carried out in two water samples to deepen the understanding of the obtained results. This test revealed the presence of a particular Cryptosporidium genotype associated with wild animals in the river and in tap water. Although the recovered Cryptosporidium genotype is not a human pathogen, its presence demonstrates the existence of a potential pathogen Cryptosporidium spp. contamination risk. Moreover, these results underline the importance of considering unconventional (not bacterial) biological contaminations (protozoa) in water resources in rural areas, including those of developed countries. Key messages The supply source and the drinking water treatment plant examined represent a classic example of a system that requires continuous monitoring to guarantee population health. Cryptosporidium oocysts may still be a Public Health problem even in industrialized countries, especially in rural and mountain areas.

scholarly journals Case study to evaluate the influence of the SolarBees and dossage on the water quality of the Rietvlei Dam Water Treatment Plant.

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Booyens ◽  
D. De Vos ◽  
Sandra Barnard ◽  
Leanne Coetzee
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Raw Water Quality ◽  
The Difference

The aim of this project was to investigate the influence of the SolarBees and dosage on the water quality at Rietvlei Dam WTP. The difference between the raw and final water samples was less than anticipated due to the drastic improvement in raw water quality of Rietvlei Dam.

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