scholarly journals Differentiation of the Gene Clusters Encoding Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Complexes in Clostridium botulinum Type A, Ab, and A(B) Strains

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 7192-7199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Franciosa ◽  
Francesca Floridi ◽  
Antonella Maugliani ◽  
Paolo Aureli
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Botulinum Toxin Type A ◽  
Type A ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Botulinum Toxin Type ◽  
The United States ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Genes Encoding

ABSTRACT We describe a strategy to identify the clusters of genes encoding components of the botulinum toxin type A (boNT/A) complexes in 57 strains of Clostridium botulinum types A, Ab, and A(B) isolated in Italy and in the United States from different sources. Specifically, we combined the results of PCR for detecting the ha33 and/or p47 genes with those of boNT/A PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Three different type A toxin gene clusters were revealed; type A1 was predominant among the strains from the United States, whereas type A2 predominated among the Italian strains, suggesting a geographic distinction between strains. By contrast, no relationship between the toxin gene clusters and the clinical or food source of strains was evident. In two C. botulinum type A isolates from the United States, we recognized a third type A toxin gene cluster (designated type A3) which was similar to that previously described only for C. botulinum type A(B) and Ab strains. Total genomic DNA from the strains was subjected to pulsed-filed gel electrophoresis and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analyses, and the results were consistent with the boNT/A gene clusters obtained.

scholarly journals Finished Whole-Genome Sequences of Two Clostridium botulinum Type A(B) Isolates

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Halpin ◽  
Karen Hill ◽  
Shannon L. Johnson ◽  
David Carlton Bruce ◽  
T. Brian Shirey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Type A ◽  
The United States ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Clinically Significant

ABSTRACT Clostridium botulinum secretes a potent neurotoxin that causes devastating effects when ingested, including paralysis and death if not treated. In the United States, some clinically significant strains produce toxin type A while also harboring a silent B gene. These are the first two closed genome sequences published for this subset.

STUDIES ON THE ORAL TOXICITY OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TOXIN, TYPE A

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan W. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Botulinum Toxin Type A ◽  
Type A ◽  
Botulinum Toxin Type ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Crude Preparation ◽  
Spray Dried

Three aspects of the reported oral toxicity of Clostridium botulinum toxin, Type A, were investigated. No demonstrable migration of the crystalline toxin from the lumen of the intestine into the blood stream of the dog could be found. Evidence indicating that the crystalline toxin was inactivated by pepsin and chymotrypsin was obtained, but the toxin was found to be resistant to the action of trypsin. Comparison of the oral toxicity and the intraperitoneal toxicity of the crystalline toxin revealed that the product was not orally toxic. A spray-dried crude preparation of the toxin demonstrated a low oral toxicity.

Studies using Clostridium botulinum toxin—Type A

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.G. Hart ◽  
R.L. Dixon ◽  
J.P. Long ◽  
B. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Botulinum Toxin Type A ◽  
Type A ◽  
Botulinum Toxin Type

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity among Clostridium botulinum Strains Harboringbont/A2andbont/A3Genes

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (24) ◽  
pp. 8712-8718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Lúquez ◽  
Brian H. Raphael ◽  
Lavin A. Joseph ◽  
Sarah R. Meno ◽  
Rafael A. Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Type A ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Geographic Origins ◽  
Diversity Studies ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTClostridium botulinumtype A strains are known to be genetically diverse and widespread throughout the world. Genetic diversity studies have focused mainly on strains harboring one type A botulinum toxin gene,bont/A1, although all reportedbont/Agene variants have been associated with botulism cases. Our study provides insight into the genetic diversity ofC. botulinumtype A strains, which containbont/A2(n= 42) andbont/A3(n= 4) genes, isolated from diverse samples and geographic origins. Genetic diversity was assessed by usingbontnucleotide sequencing, content analysis of thebontgene clusters, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Sequences ofbontgenes obtained in this study showed 99.9 to 100% identity with otherbont/A2orbont/A3gene sequences available in public databases. The neurotoxin gene clusters of the subtype A2 and A3 strains analyzed in this study were similar in gene content.C. botulinumstrains harboringbont/A2andbont/A3genes were divided into six and two MLST profiles, respectively. Four groups of strains shared a similarity of at least 95% by PFGE; the largest group included 21 out of 46 strains. The strains analyzed in this study showed relatively limited genetic diversity using either MLST or PFGE.

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