scholarly journals Antigenic Divergence between Bordetella pertussis Clinical Isolates from Moscow, Russia, and Vaccine Strains

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Borisova ◽  
Svetlana Yu Kombarova ◽  
Nelli S. Zakharova ◽  
Marjolein van Gent ◽  
Vladimir A. Aleshkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine ◽  
Waning Immunity ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT We analyzed temporal changes in the frequencies of the ptxA, prn, fim2, and fim3 alleles in Bordetella pertussis strains isolated from pertussis patients in Moscow, Russia, from 1948 to 2004. The three strains used for the whole-cell vaccine harbored the alleles ptxA2, ptxA4, prn1, fim2-1, and fim3A. Vaccine-type alleles of ptxA (ptxA2 and ptxA4) were characteristic for all prevaccination strains and for 96% of the strains isolated in the 1960s and 1970s. At the beginning of the 1970s, ptxA2 and ptxA4 were replaced by the ptxA1 allele. In the 1980s and to the present, strains with ptxA1 were predominant in the B. pertussis population. All prevaccination strains harbored the prn1 allele, which corresponds to the vaccine-type allele. In subsequent years, the proportion of strains with the prn1 allele decreased and the proportion of prn3 and prn2 strains increased. From 2002 to 2004 strains with prn2 or prn3 were predominant in the B. pertussis population. The vaccine-type alleles fim2-1 and fim3A were found in all prevaccination strains and in 92% of the strains isolated from 1960 to 1989. The fim2-2 and fim3B alleles were first observed at the beginning of the 1980s. In subsequent years, these strains became predominant. Together with waning immunity, the antigenic divergence between vaccine strains and clinical isolates observed in the Moscow area may explain the persistence of pertussis, despite the high rates of vaccine coverage. The results demonstrate that the selection of B. pertussis strains for vaccine manufacturing must be based on a thorough study of the B. pertussis population.

scholarly journals Temporal trends in circulating Bordetella pertussis strains in Australia

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. POYNTEN ◽  
P. B. McINTYRE ◽  
F. R. MOOI ◽  
K. J. HEUVELMAN ◽  
G. L. GILBERT
Keyword(s):  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Rflp Type ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine ◽  
Waning Immunity ◽  
Acellular Vaccines

Australia experienced a resurgence of pertussis in the 1990s despite improved vaccine coverage. Although much of the increase was attributable to increased detection of cases in older persons with waning immunity by serology, vaccine changes or alterations in circulating Bordetella pertussis strains may also have contributed. We determined the frequency of variants of B. pertussis pertactin (prn), and pertussis toxin subunit 1 (ptxS1) genes, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) types and fimbrial serotypes prevalent in Australia prior to, and during the 1990s. Ampoules of the whole-cell vaccine in use prior to 1999 and 84 B. pertussis isolates stored between 1967 and 1998 by laboratories around Australia were analysed. One pertactin allele, Prn3, not detected before 1985, was found in 24 out of 57 (42%) isolates between 1989 and 1998 (P<0·0001). PtxS1A was found in all isolates. IS1002 type 29, found in 17 out of 31 (55%) isolates tested, was the predominant RFLP type. The only difference in fimbrial serotype distribution between the time-periods was an increase in serotype 3 (P=0·054). The whole-cell vaccine contained only the alleles prn1 and ptxS1A. Antigenic shift in B. pertussis may have contributed to the re-emergence of pertussis in Australia. Monitoring these trends will be important as acellular vaccines are introduced and changes are made to pertussis vaccine schedules.

scholarly journals Fha Deficient Bordetella pertussis Isolates in Iran with 50 Years Whole Cell Pertussis Vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samaneh Saedi ◽  
Azadeh Safarchi ◽  
Faranak Tayebzadeh Moghadam ◽  
Siamak Heidarzadeh ◽  
Vajihe Sadat Nikbin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Filamentous Hemagglutinin ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine ◽  
Acellular Vaccine

Background: Bordetella pertussis, a highly contagious respiratory. Notably, the resurgence of pertussis has recently been associated with the lacking production of vaccine virulence factors. This study aimed to screen pertactin (Prn) and filamentous hemagglutinin (Fha) production in Iran with 50 years' whole cell vaccine (WCV) immunization program. Methods: Overall, 130 B. pertussis isolates collected from Pertussis Reference Laboratory of Iran during 2005-2018. Real-time PCR was performed by targeting IS481, ptxP, IS1001 and IS1002 for species confirmation of B. pertussis. Western-blot was used to evaluate the expression of virulence factors (pertactin and filamentous hemagglutinin). Results: All tested B. pertussis isolates expressed Prn and all except two isolates expressed Fha. We have sequenced genomes of these strains and identified differences compared with genome reference B. pertussis Tohama I. Conclusion: Many countries reporting Prn and Fha-deficiency due to acellular vaccine (ACV) pressure. Our results demonstrate in a country with WCV history, Fha-deficient isolates may rise independently. However, Prn-deficient isolates are more under the ACV pressure in B. pertussis isolates. Continues surveillance will provide a better understanding of the effect of WCV on the evolution of the pathogen deficiency.  

The Alienated Male: Silence and the Soundtrack in New Hollywood

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
New Hollywood ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
Hollywood Films ◽  
Sound Effects ◽  
Counter Culture ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Gender Boundaries ◽  
Selection Of

In this chapter, I explore the audible link between masculinity, silence and soundtrack by focusing on a selection of silent, alienated male characters from renowned New Hollywood films. In this discussion, the ‘type’ of silence I often refer to is that described by Paul Théberge as ‘a kind of silence that is produced when, for example, music is allowed to dominate the soundtrack while dialogue and sound effects – the primary sonic modes of the diegetic world – are muted’. I explore the specific use of silence in these texts as well as the ways in which non diegetic music and diegetic sound are used to express meanings not divulged by the male characters, due to their limited dialogue. I argue that this acoustic construction contributes to a projected sense of alienation of male characters and that it can also be linked to the blurring of gender boundaries often accounted for by the counter-culture movements taking place in America throughout the 1960s and 1970s.

Genome diversity and evolutionary characteristics of clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis circulating in Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samaneh Saedi ◽  
Azadeh Safarchi ◽  
Mojtaba Noofeli ◽  
Keyvan Tadayon ◽  
Alfred Chin Yen Tay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Waning Immunity ◽  
Promoter Allele ◽  
Structural Adaptations ◽  
Reference Strains ◽  
Unique Snps

  Background and Objectives: The re-emergence of pertussis still is being reported all over the world. Pathogen adaptation and antigenic divergence of circulating isolates from vaccine strains are the main reasons of infection resurgence. Waning immunity is also an important factor contributing to resurgence of pertussis. Materials and Methods: The genetic diversity and evolutionary characteristics of circulating Iranian isolates of Bordetella pertussis during February 2015 to October 2018 was investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and subse- quently ptxA, ptxP and fim3 alleles were characterized. The next generation genome sequencing was then used to compare the genomics of ptxP1 and ptxP3 of selected isolates from PFGE dendrogram. Results: PFGE differentiated 62 clinical isolates and vaccine and reference strains into 19 PFGE profiles, indicating the higher level of heterogeneity in the population during 2015-2018. The predominant B. pertussis genotype harbored pertussis toxin promoter allele, ptxP3 and the expansion of ptxA1 isolates, were also observed in our population. Conclusion: No changes in allelic profile of predominant clone in recent years was observed but antigenic divergence between recently circulating isolates and the vaccine strain has been progressed and significantly was higher than previous studies. The comparative genomic analysis of the ptxP3 and ptxP1 isolates indicate that changes in ptxP3 genome structure including 32 unique SNPs and three unique indels may have contributed to the expansion of the ptxP3 clone. We compared ptxP3 and ptxP1 isolates in pathogenicity-associated genes and found five of them were specific for the ptxP3 isolates. The polymorphisms in pathogenicity-associated genes suggest structural adaptations for these virulence factors.  

scholarly journals Antibody Responses to Bordetella pertussis Fim2 or Fim3 following Immunization with a Whole-Cell, Two-Component, or Five-Component Acellular Pertussis Vaccine and following Pertussis Disease in Children in Sweden in 1997 and 2007

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Hallander ◽  
Abdolreza Advani ◽  
Frances Alexander ◽  
Lennart Gustafsson ◽  
Margaretha Ljungman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Acellular Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Cell Vaccine ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Whole Cell Vaccine

ABSTRACTBordetella pertussisfimbriae (Fim2 and Fim3) are components of a five-component acellular pertussis vaccine (diphtheria–tetanus–acellular pertussis vaccine [DTaP5]), and antibody responses to fimbriae have been associated with protection. We analyzed the IgG responses to individual Fim2 and Fim3 in sera remaining from a Swedish placebo-controlled efficacy trial that compared a whole-cell vaccine (diphtheria-tetanus-whole-cell pertussis vaccine [DTwP]), a two-component acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP2), and DTaP5. One month following three doses of the Fim-containing vaccines (DTwP or DTaP5), anti-Fim2 geometric mean IgG concentrations were higher than those for anti-Fim3, with a greater anti-Fim2/anti-Fim3 IgG ratio elicited by DTaP5. We also determined the responses in vaccinated children following an episode of pertussis. Those who received DTaP5 showed a large rise in anti-Fim2 IgG, reflecting the predominant Fim2 serotype at the time. In contrast, those who received DTwP showed an equal rise in anti-Fim2 and anti-Fim3 IgG concentrations, indicating that DTwP may provide a more efficient priming effect for a Fim3 response following contact withB. pertussis. Anti-Fim2 and anti-Fim3 IgG concentrations were also determined in samples from two seroprevalence studies conducted in Sweden in 1997, when no pertussis vaccine was used and Fim2 isolates predominated, and in 2007, when either DTaP2 or DTaP3 without fimbriae was used and Fim3 isolates predominated. Very similar distributions of anti-Fim2 and anti-Fim3 IgG concentrations were obtained in 1997 and 2007, except that anti-Fim3 concentrations in 1997 were lower. This observation, together with the numbers of individuals with both anti-Fim2 and anti-Fim3 IgG concentrations, strongly suggests thatB. pertussisexpresses both Fim2 and Fim3 during infection.

scholarly journals Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis, Pertactin, Pertussis Toxin S1 Subunit Polymorphisms, and Surfaceome Analysis of Vaccine and Clinical Bordetella pertussis Strains

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1490-1498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Bottero ◽  
María Emilia Gaillard ◽  
Matías Fingermann ◽  
Gabriela Weltman ◽  
Julieta Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Isolate ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Elimination Rate ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Group Vi ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Vaccine Type

ABSTRACT To add new insight to our previous work on the molecular epidemiology of Bordetella pertussis in Argentina, the prn and ptxS1 gene sequences and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles of 57 clinical isolates obtained during two periods, 1969 to 1989 and 1997 to 2006, were analyzed. Non-vaccine-type ptxS1A was detected in isolates obtained since 1969. From 1989 on, a shift of predominance from the vaccine prn1 type to the nonvaccine prn2 type was observed. This was also reflected in a transition of PFGE group IV to group VI. These results show that nonvaccine B. pertussis strains are currently circulating. To analyze whether the observed genomic divergences between vaccine strains and clinical isolates have functional implications, protection assays using the intranasal mouse challenge model were performed. For such experiments, the clinical isolate B. pertussis 106 was selected as representative of circulating bacteria, since it came from the major group of the PFGE dendrogram (PFGE group VI). Groups of mice were immunized either with diphtheria-tetanus-whole-cell pertussis vaccine (ptxS1B prn1) or a vaccine prepared by us containing B. pertussis 106. Immunized mice were then challenged with a B. pertussis vaccine strain (Tohama, harboring ptxS1B and prn1) or the clinical isolate B. pertussis 106 (ptxS1A prn2). An adequate bacterial-elimination rate was observed only when mice were immunized and challenged with the same kind of strain. For further characterization, comparative proteomic profiling of enriched membrane proteins was done using three vaccine strains and the selected B. pertussis 106 clinical isolate. By matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis, a total of 54 proteins were identified. This methodology allowed us to detect differing proteins among the four strains studied and, in particular, to distinguish the three vaccine strains from each other, as well as the vaccine strains from the clinical isolate. The differing proteins observed have cellular roles associated with amino acid and carbohydrate transport and metabolism. Some of them have been proposed as novel vaccine candidate proteins for other pathogens. Overall, the global strategy described here is presented as a good tool for the development of next-generation acellular vaccines.

scholarly journals The characterization of Bordetella pertussis strains isolated in the Central-Western region of Brazil suggests the selection of a specific genetic profile during 2012–2014 outbreaks

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (7) ◽  
pp. 1392-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. ROCHA ◽  
D. LEITE ◽  
C. H. CAMARGO ◽  
L. M. MARTINS ◽  
R. S. N. SILVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Genetic Profile ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Distrito Federal ◽  
Epidemiological Characterization ◽  
Selection Of

SUMMARYPertussis is a worldwide acute respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Despite high vaccine coverage, the bacterium continues to circulate in populations and is still one of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases. In Brazil, pertussis incidence has presented a significant decrease since 1990 but since 2011 a sudden increase in incidence has been observed. Thus, the aim of this study was to perform a molecular epidemiological characterization of B. pertussis strains isolated in the Central-Western region (specifically in Distrito Federal) of Brazil from August 2012 to August 2014. During this period, 92 B. pertussis strains were isolated from the outbreaks. All strains were characterized by serotyping and XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles. From August to December 2012, the most prevalent serotype observed was 1,3 (13/17). During 2013 the prevalence of serotype 1,3 decreased (13/30) and from January 2014 to August 2014 the most prevalent serotype was 1,2 (33/45). Fourteen PFGE profiles were identified. Of these, BP-XbaI0039 prevalence increased from 3/17 in 2012 to 10/30 in 2013, and 35/45 in 2014. These results evidence the selection of a specific genetic profile during this period, suggesting the occurrence of a bacterial genomic profile with high circulation potential.

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