Analogous Cytokine Responses to Burkholderia pseudomallei Strains Contrasting in Virulence Correlate with Partial Cross-Protection in Immunized Mice

ABSTRACT Cytokine mRNA levels were assessed in Burkholderia pseudomallei-susceptible BALB/c mice and B. pseudomallei-resistant C57BL/6 mice following administration of a sublethal dose of less virulent (LV) B. pseudomallei, a candidate immunogen tested for protection against a highly virulent (HV) challenge. Compared on the basis of the bacterial loads, the cytokine patterns induced by HV and LV B. pseudomallei were similar, involving gamma interferon, interleukin-10, and other cytokines. Partial cross-protection between B. pseudomallei strains is shown to be associated with cytokine profiles involving both type 1 and type 2 cytokines.

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Molecular Characterization of Velogenic Avian Avulavirus Type 1 Isolated from Apparently Healthy Emu Birds: Implications to Viral Maintenance and Spread

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-4350 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

B. Deepthi ◽

D. Ratnamma ◽

R.N. Ramani Pushpa ◽

Shrikrishna Isloor ◽

B.M. Veeregowda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusion Gene ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Infected Chicken ◽

Cytokine Mrna ◽

Experimental Inoculation ◽

Highly Virulent ◽

Apparently Healthy

Background: Newcastle disease caused by Avian avulavirus type 1 (AAvV-1) is one of the dreadful diseases affecting poultry and other avian species. Wild birds and several domestic birds are recognized as reservoirs of AAvV-1 and probably contribute to the epidemiology of ND in the domesticated poultry. Hence, efforts have been made to understand the virulence and genetic nature of AAvV-1 isolates obtained from apparently healthy Emu birds.Methods: This study details characterization of a velogenic Emu/5 AAvV-1 isolate obtained from an asymptomatic emu flock. Full- length fusion gene was amplified and subsequent phylogenetic analysis was performed. Experimental inoculation of 3-week old chicken with the isolate resulted in virulent ND. Expression of cytokine mRNA levels in spleen of infected chicken at different time points correlated well with the clinical picture, gross and histopathological lesions.Result: To our knowledge this is the first evidence for the role of apparently healthy emu bird acting as a reservoir of velogenic AAvV-1 of subgenotype XIII 2.2 which proved to be highly virulent to chicken. This study further highlights the role of reservoir birds in AAvV-1 transmission and the need for adopting most realistic strategies in counteracting the disease.

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Type-1 and Type-2 Cytokines in Human Decidual Tissue and Trophoblasts from Normal and Abnormal Pregnancies Detected by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)

American Journal of Reproductive Immunology ◽

10.1111/j.1600-0897.1999.tb00113.x ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 361-368 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Angels Vives ◽

Juan Balasch ◽

Jordi Yagüe ◽

Llorenç Quintó ◽

Jaume Ordi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Reverse Transcriptase ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Decidual Tissue ◽

Type 2 Cytokines ◽

Polymerase Chain

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Type 1 and type 2 cytokines in antiviral defense

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology ◽

10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00086-5 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 63 (1-2) ◽

pp. 105-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Gunasegaran Karupiah

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Defense ◽

Type 2 Cytokines

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Synthesis and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones Is Preferentially Maintained in Selenium-Deficient Transgenic Mice

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2005-1089 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 147 (3) ◽

pp. 1306-1313 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Lutz Schomburg ◽

Cornelia Riese ◽

Marten Michaelis ◽

Emine Griebert ◽

Marc O. Klein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Knockout Mice ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Normal Range ◽

Growth Defects ◽

Low Levels

The thyroid gland is rich in selenium (Se) and expresses a variety of selenoproteins that are involved in antioxidative defense and metabolism of thyroid hormones (TH). Se deficiency impairs regular synthesis of selenoproteins and adequate TH metabolism. We recently generated mice that lack the plasma Se carrier, selenoprotein P (SePP). SePP-knockout mice display decreased serum Se levels and manifest growth defects and neurological abnormalities partly reminiscent of thyroid gland dysfunction or profound hypothyroidism. Thus, we probed the TH axis in developing and adult SePP-knockout mice. Surprisingly, expression of Se-dependent 5′-deiodinase type 1 was only slightly altered in liver, kidney, or thyroid at postnatal d 60, and 5′-deiodinase type 2 activity in brain was normal in SePP-knockout mice. Thyroid gland morphology, thyroid glutathione peroxidase activity, thyroid Se concentration, and serum levels of TSH, T4, or T3 were within normal range. Pituitary TSHβ transcripts and hepatic 5′-deiodinase type 1 mRNA levels were unchanged, indicating regular T3 bioactivity in thyrotropes and hepatocytes. Cerebellar granule cell migration as a sensitive indicator of local T3 action during development was undisturbed. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that low levels of serum Se or SePP in the absence of other challenges do not necessarily interfere with regular functioning of the TH axis. 5′-deiodinase isozymes are preferentially supplied, and Se-dependent enzymes in the thyroid are even less-dependent on serum levels of Se or SePP than in brain. This indicates a top priority of the thyroid gland and its selenoenzymes with respect to the hierarchical Se supply within the organism.

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