human insulin
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayer B. Davidson

For primary care providers, using insulin can present challenges that can be met by a straightforward approach using the following principles. Depending on when it is injected, each component of the insulin regimen has a maximal effect on a specific period of the 24-hour cycle (e.g., overnight, morning, afternoon, or evening). The glucose pattern in that period determines whether the dose of that component of the insulin regimen requires adjusting. Regarding which insulin types and insulin regimens to use, human insulin (NPH and regular) is as effective as analog insulins, and a two-injection intensified insulin regimen is as effective as a four-injection regimen.


2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Richter ◽  
Brenda Bongaerts ◽  
Maria-Inti Metzendorf

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Aejin Lee ◽  
McKensie L. Mason ◽  
Tao Lin ◽  
Shashi Bhushan Kumar ◽  
Devan Kowdley ◽  
...  

Diabetes poses a high risk for debilitating complications in neural tissues, regulating glucose uptake through insulin-dependent and predominantly insulin-independent pathways. Supramolecular nanostructures provide a flexible strategy for combinatorial regulation of glycemia. Here, we compare the effects of free insulin to insulin bound to positively charged nanofibers comprised of self-assembling amino acid compounds (AACs) with an antioxidant-modified side chain moiety (AAC2) in both in vitro and in vivo models of type 1 diabetes. Free AAC2, free human insulin (hINS) and AAC2-bound-human insulin (AAC2-hINS) were tested in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mouse model of type 1 diabetes. AAC2-hINS acted as a complex and exhibited different properties compared to free AAC2 or hINS. Mice treated with the AAC2-hINS complex were devoid of hypoglycemic episodes, had improved levels of insulin in circulation and in the brain, and increased expression of neurotransmitter taurine transporter, Slc6a6. Consequently, treatment with AAC2-hINS markedly advanced both physical and cognitive performance in mice with STZ-induced and genetic type 1 diabetes compared to treatments with free AAC2 or hINS. This study demonstrates that the flexible nanofiber AAC2 can serve as a therapeutic platform for the combinatorial treatment of diabetes and its complications.


Author(s):  
Lokender Kumar ◽  
Whitney Vizgaudis ◽  
Judith Klein‐Seetharaman

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 581-588
Author(s):  
M.V. Neborachko ◽  
O.G. Phakadze

Currently, a large amount of data has been accumulated to compare recombinant human insulin with insulin analogues, including meta-analyzes of comparative efficacy and safety, as well as cost-effectiveness data and data on the possible carcinogenicity of new products. Insulin treatment is a necessity for some people with diabetes mellitus (DM) due to the need to maintain optimal blood glucose levels. The authors emphasize the need to keep in mind that new insulin drugs are much more expensive, which may limit their use. Factors such as the effectiveness of treatment, its safety, and patient satisfaction should be taken into account when deciding on the choice of therapy, but the cost of treatment cannot be ignored, given that it is usually reimbursable from the budget. In this regard, insulin therapy should be individually selected taking into account the needs of patients, treatment goals, safety, and cost. The authors propose an analysis of these data on the feasibility of using insulin analogues in comparison with recombinant human insulin for patients with type 1 diabetes and patients with type 2 diabetes and their effectiveness in both types of diabetes. A reasonable policy for the use of insulin therapy should be developed based on available clinical data based on comparative studies in different groups of diabetics and comprehensive analysis of economic data. The feasibility of a new drug should be evaluated and regularly reviewed in light of the practical results of its use in clinical practice. It is also necessary to regularly conduct a retrospective economic analysis to assess the pharmacoeconomic benefits. All of these steps should assist decision-makers and regulators in implementing effective national programs to develop new effective insulin procurement systems.


2021 ◽  
Vol 948 (1) ◽  
pp. 012084
Author(s):  
F C Sekaringtyas ◽  
D Hardianto ◽  
N Karimah ◽  
V Nida ◽  
A Zahra

Abstract The case of diabetes increases significantly and has been projected to reach 592 million people in 2035. Consequently, the necessity of insulin will rise manifold and an efficient production system for insulin production is required to meet the market demands. The human insulin precursors that enzymatically converted to human insulin can be produced using Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or Pichia pastoris. In this study, Pichia pastoris is used for production human insulin precursor because the resulting recombinant protein can be folded accordingly and secreted to the external environment of the cell that simplifies the purification process. The study was initiated with the insertion of a synthetic gene of human insulin precursor into the pPICZaA to create recombinant pPICZaA-IP plasmid. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli Top10 which then isolated and digested by the SacI enzyme. The linearize pPICZaA-IP plasmid was transfected into Pichia pastoris X-33 by electroporator. The result of transformation process, a total of 20 colonies of P pastoris X-33 were selected and inoculated in YPD agar medium containing Zeocin. The two colonies of P pastoris were characterized by PCR and sequencing showed that the recombinant pPICZaA-IP plasmid was successfully integrated into selected colonies of P pastoris.


Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1870
Author(s):  
Belén Rodríguez-Morales ◽  
Marilena Antunes-Ricardo ◽  
José González-Valdez

Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles between 30 and 150 nm that serve as essential messengers for different biological signaling and pathological processes. After their discovery, a wide range of applications have been developed, especially in therapeutic drug delivery. In this context, the aim of this work was to test the efficiency of exosome-mediated human insulin delivery using exosomes extracted from three different cell lines: hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2); primary dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) and pancreatic β cells (RIN-m); all are related to the production and/or the ability to sense insulin and to consequently regulate glucose levels in the extracellular medium. The obtained results revealed that the optimal insulin loading efficiency was achieved by a 200 V electroporation, in comparison with incubation at room temperature. Moreover, the maximum in vitro exosome uptake was reached after incubation for 6 h, which slightly decreased 24 h after adding the exosomes. Glucose quantification assays revealed that exosome-mediated incorporation of insulin presented significant differences in HDFa and HepG2 cells, enhancing the transport in HDFa, in comparison with free human insulin effects in the regulation of extracellular glucose levels. No significant differences were found between the treatments in RIN-m cells. Hence, the results suggest that exosomes could potentially become a valuable tool for stable and biocompatible insulin delivery in diabetes mellitus treatment alternatives.


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