scholarly journals Isolation of species-specific protein antigens of Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia prowazekii for immunodiagnosis and immunoprophylaxis.

1981 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
G A Dasch
Vaccines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theano Lagousi ◽  
Paraskevi Basdeki ◽  
John Routsias ◽  
Vana Spoulou

Non-serotype-specific protein-based pneumococcal vaccines have received extensive research focus due to the limitations of polysaccharide-based vaccines. Pneumococcal proteins (PnPs), universally expressed among serotypes, may induce broader immune responses, stimulating humoral and cellular immunity, while being easier to manufacture and less expensive. Such an approach has raised issues mainly associated with sequence/level of expression variability, chemical instability, as well as possible undesirable reactogenicity and autoimmune properties. A step forward employs the identification of highly-conserved antigenic regions within PnPs with the potential to retain the benefits of protein antigens. Besides, their low-cost and stable construction facilitates the combination of several antigenic regions or peptides that may impair different stages of pneumococcal disease offering even wider serotype coverage and more efficient protection. This review discusses the up-to-date progress on PnPs that are currently under clinical evaluation and the challenges for their licensure. Focus is given on the progress on the identification of antigenic regions/peptides within PnPs and their evaluation as vaccine candidates, accessing their potential to overcome the issues associated with full-length protein antigens. Particular mention is given of the use of newer delivery system technologies including conjugation to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and reformulation into nanoparticles to enhance the poor immunogenicity of such antigens.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1868 (7) ◽  
pp. 140422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shihua Li ◽  
Kai Yu ◽  
Dawei Wang ◽  
Qingfeng Zhang ◽  
Ze-Xian Liu ◽  
...  

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 470-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
J-M. Sueur ◽  
K. Beaumont ◽  
T. Cabioch ◽  
J. Orfila ◽  
F. Betsou

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen H. Delcambre ◽  
Junjie Liu ◽  
Jenna M. Herrington ◽  
Kelsey Vallario ◽  
Maureen T. Long

Phenotypic characterization of cellular responses in equine infectious encephalitides has had limited description of both peripheral and resident cell populations in central nervous system (CNS) tissues due to limited species-specific reagents that react with formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue (FFPE). This study identified a set of antibodies for investigating the immunopathology of infectious CNS diseases in horses. Multiple commercially available staining reagents and antibodies derived from antigens of various species for manual immunohistochemistry (IHC) were screened. Several techniques and reagents for heat-induced antigen retrieval, non-specific protein blocking, endogenous peroxidase blocking, and visualization-detection systems were tested during IHC protocol development. Boiling of slides in a low pH, citrate-based buffer solution in a double-boiler system was most consistent for epitope retrieval. Pressure-cooking, microwaving, high pH buffers, and proteinase K solutions often resulted in tissue disruption or no reactivity. Optimal blocking reagents and concentrations of each working antibody were determined. Ultimately, a set of monoclonal (mAb) and polyclonal antibodies (pAb) were identified for CD3+(pAb A0452, Dako) T-lymphocytes, CD79αcy+B-lymphocytes (mAb HM57, Dako), macrophages (mAb MAC387, Leica), NF-H+neurons (mAb NAP4, EnCor Biotechnology), microglia/macrophage (pAb Iba-1, Wako), and GFAP+astrocytes (mAb 5C10, EnCor Biotechnology). In paraffin embedded tissues, mAbs and pAbs derived from human and swine antigens were very successful at binding equine tissue targets. Individual, optimized protocols are provided for each positively reactive antibody for analyzing equine neuroinflammatory disease histopathology.


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