Molecular Fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosisand Risk Factors for Tuberculosis Transmission in Paris, France,  and Surrounding Area

Forty-three percent of the tuberculosis cases reported in France are from the Ile de France region. The incidence of tuberculosis in this region is 33 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, twice the national average. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed with clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated during 1995 in 10 hospitals in Paris and surrounding areas to detect tuberculosis transmission and define the factors associated with clustering in this population. The molecular markers used were the insertion sequence IS6110 and the direct repeat (DR) sequence. Social, demographic, and clinical data were collected from the patients’ medical files. Ten patients with isolates with a single copy of IS6110 were excluded from further analysis. Twenty-four patients with false-positive cultures due to laboratory contamination (based on RFLP analysis with IS6110 and examination of patient data) were also excluded. The study was then conducted with 272 strains isolated from 272 patients. Further fingerprinting was performed by using the DR element with strains with patterns by RFLP analysis with IS6110that differed by one band only and strains with identical patterns by RFLP analysis with IS6110 and with low numbers of copies of IS6110. The combined use of both markers identified unique patterns for 177 strains and clustered 95 (35.7%) strains in 26 groups, each containing isolates from 2 to 12 patients. The clustering was strongly associated with homelessness and the male sex. It was not associated with age, birth in a foreign country, human immunodeficiency virus positivity, or residence in hostels or prison. Isolates from homeless people were often included in large clusters, and homeless people could be the source of tuberculosis transmission for more than 50% of the clustered patients. These results suggest that homeless people play a key role in the spread of M. tuberculosis in the community and that poor socioeconomic conditions are the main risk factors associated with active tuberculosis transmission.

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Transmission of tuberculosis and predictors of large clusters within three years in an urban setting in Tokyo, Japan: a population-based molecular epidemiological study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029295 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. e029295

Author(s):

Kiyohiko Izumi ◽

Yoshiro Murase ◽

Kazuhiro Uchimura ◽

Aya Kaebeta ◽

Keiko Ishihara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Homeless People ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Full Time ◽

Foreign Born ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Tuberculosis Transmission ◽

Large Clusters ◽

Genotype Clustering ◽

Culture Positive

ObjectiveMolecular epidemiology is a promising tool for understanding tuberculosis transmission dynamics but has not been sufficiently utilised in Asian countries including Japan. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of TB cases attributable to recent transmission and to identify risk factors of genotype clustering and the development of large clusters within 3 years in an urban setting in Japan.Design and settingLong-term cross-sectional observational study combining the characteristics of patients with culture-positive TB notified in Shinjuku City, Tokyo (2002–2013), with genotype data ofMycobacterium tuberculosis.Primary outcome measureGenotype clustering rate and association between genotype clustering status and explanatory variables.ResultsAmong 1025 cases, 515 were localised within 113 genotype clusters. The overall clustering rate was 39.2%. Significantly higher rates were found in patients aged <40 years (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.73, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.44), native Japanese individuals (aOR=3.90, 95% CI 2.27 to 6.72), full-time workers (aOR=1.63, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.27), part-time/daily workers (aOR=2.20, 95% CI 1.35 to 3.58), individuals receiving public assistance (aOR=1.81, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.84) and homeless people (aOR=1.63, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.62). A significant predictor of large genotype clusters within 3 years was a registration interval ≤2 months between the first two cases in a cluster.ConclusionOur results indicated that a large proportion of patients with culture-positive TB were involved in the recent TB transmission chain. Foreign-born persons still have a limited impact on transmission in the Japanese urban setting. Intensified public health interventions, including the active case finding, need to focus on individuals with socioeconomic risk factors that are significantly associated with tuberculosis transmission and clusters with shorter registration intervals between the first two cases.

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Evaluation of Four DNA Typing Techniques in Epidemiological Investigations of Bovine Tuberculosis

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.36.1.168-178.1998 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 168-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Debby Cousins ◽

Suzette Williams ◽

Ernesto Liébana ◽

Alicia Aranaz ◽

Annelies Bunschoten ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Restriction Fragment ◽

Dna Typing ◽

Rflp Analysis ◽

Direct Repeat ◽

Single Copy ◽

Epidemiological Evidence ◽

Different Types ◽

The Republic ◽

Different Strains ◽

Typing Technique

DNA fingerprinting techniques were used to type 273 isolates ofMycobacterium bovis from Australia, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, and Iran. The results of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with DNA probes from IS6110, the direct repeat (DR), and the polymorphic GC-rich sequence (PGRS) were compared with those of a new PCR-based method called spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) developed for the rapid typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (J. Kamerbeek et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:907–914, 1997). Eighty-five percent of the isolates harbored a single copy of IS6110, and 81.5% of these carried IS6110 on the characteristic 1.9-kb restriction fragment. RFLP analysis with IS6110 identified 23 different types, RFLP analysis with the DR probe identified 35 types, RFLP analysis with the PGRS probe identified 77 types, and the spoligotyping method identified 35 types. By combining all results, 99 different strains could be identified. Isolate clusters were frequently associated within herds or were found between herds when epidemiological evidence confirmed animal movements. RFLP analysis with IS6110 was sufficiently sensitive for the typing of isolates with more than three copies of IS6110, but RFLP analysis with the PGRS probe was the most sensitive typing technique for strains with only a single copy of IS6110. Spoligotyping may have advantages for the rapid typing of M. bovis, but it needs to be made more sensitive.

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SARS-CoV-2 screening among people living in homeless shelters in Brussels, Belgium

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0252886 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. e0252886

Author(s):

Michel Roland ◽

Louisa Ben Abdelhafidh ◽

Victoria Déom ◽

Frank Vanbiervliet ◽

Yves Coppieters ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

General Population ◽

Social Workers ◽

Homeless People ◽

Homeless Shelters ◽

Infection Prevalence ◽

High Population Density ◽

Prevention Measures ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The World

Background Subgroups of precarious populations such as homeless people are more exposed to infection and at higher risk of developing severe forms of COVID-19 compared to the general population. Many of the recommended prevention measures, such as social distancing and self-isolation, are not feasible for a population living in shelters characterised by physical proximity and a high population density. The objective of the study was to describe SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in homeless shelters in Brussels (Belgium), and to identify risk factors and infection control practices associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates. Methods A total of 1994 adults were tested by quantitative PCR tests in 52 shelters in Brussels (Belgium) between April and June, 2020, in collaboration with Doctors of the World. SARS-CoV-2 prevalence is here described site by site, and we identify risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates. We also investigate associations between seropositivity and reported symptoms. Results We found an overall prevalence of 4.6% for the period, and a cluster of high rates of SARS-CoV-2 positivity (20–30% in two shelters). Among homeless people, being under 40 years of age (OR (CI95%) 2.3 (1.2–4.4), p = 0.02), having access to urgent medical care (AMU) (OR(CI95%): 2.4 (1.4–4.4)], p = 0.02), and sharing a room with someone who tested positive (OR(CI95%): 5.3 (2.9–9.9), p<0.0001) were factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates. 93% of those who tested positive were asymptomatic. Conclusion This study shows high rates of SARS-COV-2 infection positive tests in some shelters, with a high proportion of asymptomatic cases. The survey reveals how important testing and isolation measures are, together with actions taken by medical and social workers during the outbreak.

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Risk factors associated with large clusters of tuberculosis patients determined by whole-genome sequencing in a high-tuberculosis-burden country

Tuberculosis ◽

10.1016/j.tube.2020.101991 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 125 ◽

pp. 101991

Author(s):

Reiko Miyahara ◽

Nat Smittipat ◽

Tada Juthayothin ◽

Hideki Yanai ◽

Areeya Disratthakit ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Whole Genome Sequencing ◽

Genome Sequencing ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Tuberculosis Patients ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Large Clusters

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Risk factors associated with substance use

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e553882014-001 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Ariel M. Barber ◽

Alexandra Crouch ◽

Stephen Campbell

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Substance Use ◽

Factors Associated

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A Six Year Prospective Study of Fibrinogen and Other Risk Factors Associated with Mortality in Stable Claudicants

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1656361 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 68 (03) ◽

pp. 261-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

A K Banerjee ◽

J Pearson ◽

E L Gilliland ◽

D Goss ◽

J D Lewis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Intermittent Claudication ◽

Fibrinogen Level ◽

Past History ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Arterial Disease ◽

Plasma Fibrinogen ◽

Plasma Fibrinogen Level ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Probability Of Death

SummaryA total of 333 patients with stable intermittent claudication at recruitment were followed up for 6 years to determine risk factors associated with subsequent mortality. Cardiovascular diseases were the underlying cause of death in 78% of the 114 patients who died. The strongest independent predictor of death during the follow-up period was the plasma fibrinogen level, an increase of 1 g/l being associated with a nearly two-fold increase in the probability of death within the next 6 years. Age, low ankle/brachial pressure index and a past history of myocardial infarction also increased the probability of death during the study period. The plasma fibrinogen level is a valuable index of those patients with stable intermittent claudication at high risk of early mortality. The results also provide further evidence for the involvement of fibrinogen in the pathogenesis of arterial disease.

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Risk factors associated with primary and secondary reduced libido in male patients with sexual dysfunction

Endocrine Abstracts ◽

10.1530/endoabs.32.p672 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Giovanni Corona ◽

Giulia Rastrelli ◽

Emmanuele Jannini ◽

Linda Vignozzi ◽

Edoardo Mannucci ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Sexual Dysfunction ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Male Patients

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Risk factors associated with osteoporosis in beta-thalassaemia major patients

Endocrine Abstracts ◽

10.1530/endoabs.49.ep307 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Elena Mirela Iancu ◽

Alice Ioana Albu ◽

Irina Nicolaescu

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Thalassaemia Major ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Beta Thalassaemia

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Population level risk factors associated with childhood obesity

Obesity Abstracts ◽

10.1530/obabs.01.rfc2.6 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Claire Beynon ◽

Nora Pashyan ◽

Elizabeth Fisher ◽

Dougal Hargreaves ◽

Linda Bailey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Childhood Obesity ◽

Population Level ◽

Factors Associated

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Renal Failure after Coronary Bypass Surgery and the Associated Risk Factors

The Heart Surgery Forum ◽

10.1532/hsf.1216 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 006

Author(s):

Hasan Reyhanoglu ◽

Kaan Ozcan ◽

Murat Erturk ◽

Fatih İslamoglu ◽

İsa Durmaz

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Renal Failure ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Coronary Artery Bypass ◽

Bypass Surgery ◽

Artery Bypass ◽

Significant Risk ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Factors Associated

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with acute renal failure in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery. Methods: One hundred and six patients who developed renal failure after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) constituted the study group (RF group), while 110 patients who did not develop renal failure served as a control group (C group). In addition, the RF group was divided into two subgroups: patients that were treated with conservative methods without the need for hemodialysis (NH group) and patients that required hemodialysis (HR group). Risk factors associated with renal failure were investigated. Results: Among the 106 patients that developed renal failure (RF), 80 patients were treated with conservative methods without any need for hemodialysis (NH group); while 26 patients required hemodialysis in the postoperative period (HR group). The multivariate analysis showed that diabetes mellitus and the postoperative use of positive inotropes and adrenaline were significant risk factors associated with development of renal failure. In addition, carotid stenosis and postoperative use of adrenaline were found to be significant risk factors associated with hemodialysis-dependent renal failure (P < .05). The mortality in the RF group was determined as 13.2%, while the mortality rate in patients who did not require hemodialysis and those who required hemodialysis was 6.2% and 34%, respectively. Conclusion: Renal failure requiring hemodialysis after CABG often results in high morbidity and mortality. Factors affecting microcirculation and atherosclerosis, like diabetes mellitus, carotid artery stenosis, and postoperative vasopressor use remain the major risk factors for the development of renal failure.

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