scholarly journals Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Comparison: Divergent Evolution on Two Continents

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 270-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris J. Nelsen ◽  
Michael P. Murtaugh ◽  
Kay S. Faaberg
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Comparative Sequence Analysis ◽  
Divergent Evolution ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Lelystad Virus ◽  
Entire Genome ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Swine Disease ◽  
Terminal Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Viral Nucleocapsid

ABSTRACT Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a recently described arterivirus responsible for disease in swine worldwide. Comparative sequence analysis of 3′-terminal structural genes of the single-stranded RNA viral genome revealed the presence of two genotypic classes of PRRSV, represented by the prototype North American and European strains, VR-2332 and Lelystad virus (LV), respectively. To better understand the evolution and pathogenicity of PRRSV, we obtained the 12,066-base 5′-terminal nucleotide sequence of VR-2332, encoding the viral replication activities, and compared it to those of LV and other arteriviruses. VR-2332 and LV differ markedly in the 5′ leader and sections of the open reading frame (ORF) 1a region. The ORF 1b sequence was nearly colinear but varied in similarity of proteins encoded in identified regions. Furthermore, molecular and biochemical analysis of subgenomic mRNA (sgmRNA) processing revealed extensive variation in the number of sgmRNAs which may be generated during infection and in the lengths of noncoding sequence between leader-body junctions and the translation-initiating codon AUG. In addition, VR-2332 and LV select different leader-body junction sites from a pool of similar candidate sites to produce sgmRNA 7, encoding the viral nucleocapsid protein. The presence of substantial variations across the entire genome and in sgmRNA processing indicates that PRRSV has evolved independently on separate continents. The near-simultaneous global emergence of a new swine disease caused by divergently evolved viruses suggests that changes in swine husbandry and management may have contributed to the emergence of PRRS.

scholarly journals Modeling the spread of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in a swine population: transmission dynamics, immunity information, and optimal control strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phithakdet Phoo-ngurn ◽  
Chanakarn Kiataramkul ◽  
Farida Chamchod
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Swine Population ◽  
Swine Disease

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an important swine disease that affects many swine industries worldwide. The disease can cause reproductive failure and respiratory problems in a swine population. As vaccination is an important tool to control the spread of PRRS virus (PRRSV), we employ a mathematical model to investigate the transmission dynamics of PRRSV and the effects of immunity information, as well as vaccination control strategies. We also explore optimal vaccination coverage and vaccination rate to minimize the number of infected swines and vaccination efforts. Our results suggest that: (i) higher vaccination coverage and vaccination rate together with prior knowledge about immunity may help reduce the prevalence of PRRSV, and (ii) longer maximum vaccination efforts are required when swines stay longer in a population and it takes them longer time to recover from PRRS infections.

scholarly journals Cloning of an Avian Adeno-Associated Virus (AAAV) and Generation of Recombinant AAAV Particles

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
pp. 6799-6810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Bossis ◽  
John A. Chiorini
Keyword(s):  
Nucleotide Substitution ◽  
Amino Acid Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Transduction Efficiency ◽  
Entire Genome ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Adeno Associated Virus ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Palindromic Structure ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Recent studies have proposed that adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are not evolutionarily linked to other mammalian autonomous parvoviruses but are more closely linked to the autonomous parvoviruses of birds. To better understand the relationship between primate and avian AAVs (AAAVs), we cloned and sequenced the genome of an AAAV (ATCC VR-865) and generated recombinant AAAV particles. The genome of AAAV is 4,694 nucleotides in length and has organization similar to that of other AAVs. The entire genome of AAAV displays 56 to 65% identity at the nucleotide level with the other known AAVs. The AAAV genome has inverted terminal repeats of 142 nucleotides, with the first 122 forming the characteristic T-shaped palindromic structure. The putative Rep-binding element consists of a tandem (GAGY)4 repeat, and the putative terminal resolution site (trs), CCGGT/CG, contains a single nucleotide substitution relative to the AAV2 trs. The Rep open reading frame of AAAV displays 50 to 54% identity at the amino acid level with the other AAVs, with most of the diversity clustered at the carboxyl and amino termini. Comparison of the capsid proteins of AAAV and the primate dependoviruses indicate that divergent regions are localized to surface-exposed loops. Despite these sequence differences, we were able to produce recombinant AAAV particles carrying a lacZ reporter gene by cotransfection in 293T cells and were able to examine transduction efficiency in both chicken primary cells and several cell lines. Our findings indicate that AAAV is the most divergent AAV described to date but maintains all the characteristics unique to the genera of dependovirus.

scholarly journals Characterization of a Novel Simian Sapelovirus Isolated from a Cynomolgus Monkey using PLC/PRF/5 Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjing Zhang ◽  
Michiyo Kataoka ◽  
Hai Yen Doan ◽  
Yasushi Ami ◽  
Yuriko Suzaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cynomolgus Monkey ◽  
Untranslated Region ◽  
Monkey Kidney ◽  
Kidney Cells ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Entire Genome ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Entire Genome Sequence ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
New Genotype

AbstractWe isolated a novel simian sapelovirus (SSV), Cam13, from fecal specimen of a cynomolgus monkey by using PLC/PRF/5 cells. The SSV infection of the cells induced an extensive cytopathic effect. Two types of virus particles with identical diameter (~32 nm) but different densities (1.348 g/cm3 and 1.295 g/cm3) were observed in the cell culture supernatants. The RNA genome of Cam13 possesses 8,155 nucleotides and a poly(A) tail, and it has a typical sapelovirus genome organization consisting of a 5’ terminal untranslated region, a large open reading frame (ORF), and a 3’ terminal untranslated region. The ORF encodes a single polyprotein that is subsequently processed into a leader protein (L), four structural proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4) and seven functional proteins (2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D). We confirmed that 293 T, HepG2/C3A, Hep2C, Huh7 and primary cynomolgus monkey kidney cells were susceptible to SSV infection. In contrast, PK-15, Vero, Vero E6, RD-A, A549, and primary green monkey kidney cells were not susceptible to SSV infection. We established an ELISA for the detection of IgG antibodies against SSV by using the virus particles as the antigen. A total of 327 serum samples from cynomolgus monkeys and 61 serum samples from Japanese monkeys were examined, and the positive rates were 88.4% and 18%, respectively. These results demonstrated that SSV infection occurred frequently in the monkeys. Since Cam13 shared 76.54%–79.52% nucleotide sequence identities with other known SSVs, and constellated in a separate lineage in the phylogeny based on the entire genome sequence, we propose that Cam13 is a new genotype of the simian sapelovirus species.

scholarly journals Divergent Evolution of Norovirus GII/4 by Genome Recombination from May 2006 to February 2009 in Japan

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (16) ◽  
pp. 8085-8097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazushi Motomura ◽  
Masaru Yokoyama ◽  
Hirotaka Ode ◽  
Hiromi Nakamura ◽  
Hiromi Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Boundary Region ◽  
Divergent Evolution ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Genome Recombination ◽  
Norovirus Gii

ABSTRACT Norovirus GII/4 is a leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in humans. We examined here how the GII/4 virus evolves to generate and sustain new epidemics in humans, using 199 near-full-length GII/4 genome sequences and 11 genome segment clones from human stool specimens collected at 19 sites in Japan between May 2006 and February 2009. Phylogenetic studies demonstrated outbreaks of 7 monophyletic GII/4 subtypes, among which a single subtype, termed 2006b, had continually predominated. Phylogenetic-tree, bootscanning-plot, and informative-site analyses revealed that 4 of the 7 GII/4 subtypes were mosaics of recently prevalent GII/4 subtypes and 1 was made up of the GII/4 and GII/12 genotypes. Notably, single putative recombination breakpoints with the highest statistical significance were constantly located around the border of open reading frame 1 (ORF1) and ORF2 (P ≤ 0.000001), suggesting outgrowth of specific recombinant viruses in the outbreaks. The GII/4 subtypes had many unique amino acids at the time of their outbreaks, especially in the N-term, 3A-like, and capsid proteins. Unique amino acids in the capsids were preferentially positioned on the outer surface loops of the protruding P2 domain and more abundant in the dominant subtypes. These findings suggest that intersubtype genome recombination at the ORF1/2 boundary region is a common mechanism that realizes independent and concurrent changes on the virion surface and in viral replication proteins for the persistence of norovirus GII/4 in human populations.

Open reading frame 5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus as a cause of virus-induced apoptosis.

1996 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 2876-2882 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Suárez ◽  
M Díaz-Guerra ◽  
C Prieto ◽  
M Esteban ◽  
J M Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Reading Frame ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

scholarly journals Investigations on spreading of PRRSV among swine herds by improved minimum spanning network analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Márton Szabó ◽  
Dóra Szalay ◽  
Sándor Kecskeméti ◽  
Tamás Molnár ◽  
István Szabó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Eradication Program ◽  
Phylogenetic Relations ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Data Driven Decisions ◽  
Swine Herds

Abstract In Hungary, the economic losses caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) led to the launching of a national PRRSV Eradication Program. An important element of the program was investigating the spread of PRRSV among swine herds and the possible ways of introduction by sequencing of the open reading frame 5 (ORF5) gene. However, the classical phylogenetic tree presentation cannot explain several genetic relationships clearly, while more precise visualization can be represented by network tree diagram. In this paper, we describe a practical and easy-to-follow enriched minimum spanning similarity network application for improved representation of phylogenetic relations among viral strains. This method eliminated the necessity of applying a predefined, arbitrary cut-off or computationally extensive algorithms. The network-based visualization allowed processing and visualizing large amount of data equally for the laboratory, private and official veterinarians, and helped identify the potential connections between different viral sequences that support data-driven decisions in the eradication program. By applying network analysis, previously unknown epidemiological connections between infected herds were identified, and virus spreading was analyzed within short period of time. In our study, we successfully built and applied network analysis tools in the course of the Hungarian PRRSV Eradication Program.

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