Identification of Antigenic Proteins Encoded by Human Herpesvirus 8 and Seroprevalence in the General Population and among Patients with and without Kaposi's Sarcoma

ABSTRACT To establish a sensitive and specific antibody assay, potent antigenic proteins encoded by human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) were studied. Fifteen recombinant HHV8-encoded proteins were produced as glutathioneS-transferase fusion proteins. The sera from AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) patients reacted with four proteins encoded by open reading frames (ORFs) K8.1, 59, 65, and 73 in a Western blot assay. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using these four proteins as antigens (mixed-antigen ELISA) revealed that all 26 sera derived from KS patients (24 with and 2 without human immunodeficiency virus infection) became positive for anti-HHV8 antibodies. The presence of HHV8 was demonstrated in 14 (1.4%) of 1,004 sera from the Japanese general population and 10 (1.9%) of 527 sera from patients without HHV8-associated diseases. The presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies against HHV8 examined further by the mixed-antigen ELISA and Western blotting revealed IgG antibody in all ELISA-positive sera, while IgM antibody against ORF K8.1 was absent. These data suggest that the ORF 73 and 65 proteins are potent antigens for a sensitive serological assay.

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Detection and Titration of Human Herpesvirus-8–Specific Antibodies in Sera From Blood Donors, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Patients, and Kaposi's Sarcoma Patients Using a Whole Virus Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v92.1.53.413k30_53_58 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 92 (1) ◽

pp. 53-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 98

Author(s):

Louise G. Chatlynne ◽

William Lapps ◽

Michael Handy ◽

Yao Q. Huang ◽

Rizwan Masood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽

Blood Donors ◽

Human Herpesvirus ◽

Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽

Antibody Detection ◽

Human Herpesvirus 8 ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Igg Antibodies ◽

Herpesvirus 8

A human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a whole virus lysate as antigen was developed and used to measure the seroprevalence rate and levels of IgG antibodies to HHV-8 in sera/plasma of various patient groups and blood donors. The virus antigen was prepared from the KS-1 cell line, which produces lytic virus, and therefore contains a broad array of viral proteins. Seroprevalence studies using this ELISA showed the following: 10 of 91 blood donors (11%) had an average HHV-8 antibody titer of 118; 67 of 72 (93%) classic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) patients were positive with an average titer of 14,111; and 57 of 62 (92%) KS/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients were positive with an average titer of 4,000. A study on a very limited number of serial serum samples from patients before and after diagnosis with KS showed highly elevated antibody titers to HHV-8 virus after KS lesions developed. Preliminary data show that 50% of the sera from HIV-1+ homosexual patients contain IgG antibodies to HHV-8 suggesting that this population is at high risk for developing KS. Antibody results correlated well with the confirmatory immunofluorescent assays (IFA) using KS-1 cells as the substrate. This HHV-8 IgG antibody detection ELISA is sensitive and specific and does not cross-react with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or other human herpesviruses. The results of this HHV-8 antibody survey suggest that this rapid ELISA assay can be used to screen large numbers of sera to find those at risk for developing KS.

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Correlation between Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Immunofluorescence Assay with Lytic Antigens for Detection of Antibodies to Human Herpesvirus 8

Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology ◽

10.1128/cdli.8.1.203-205.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 203-205 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Simone Topino ◽

Laura Vincenzi ◽

Ivano Mezzaroma ◽

Emanuele Nicastri ◽

Massimo Andreoni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Immunoassay ◽

Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽

Human Herpesvirus ◽

Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽

Immunofluorescence Assay ◽

Human Herpesvirus 8 ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Herpesvirus 8 ◽

Antibody Titers

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in Kaposi's sarcoma patients, the correlation between antibody titers to the lytic antigens of human herpesvirus 8, as assessed by immunofluorescence assay, and values obtained by an enzyme immunoassay. The methods showed a stringent correlation, r = 0.625 (P< 0.001).

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Human Herpesvirus 8 Seroprevalence and Evaluation of Nonsexual Transmission Routes by Detection of DNA in Clinical Specimens from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Seronegative Patients from Central and Southern Italy, with and without Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.37.4.1150-1153.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 1150-1153 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Paola Cattani ◽

Maria Capuano ◽

Francesca Cerimele ◽

Ilaria Lesnoni La Parola ◽

Rosaria Santangelo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

General Population ◽

Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽

Southern Italy ◽

Human Herpesvirus ◽

Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽

Human Herpesvirus 8 ◽

Herpesvirus 8 ◽

Viral Spread ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

In order to investigate the seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection in central and southern Italy, sera from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative subjects, with and without Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), were analyzed by immunofluorescence assay, using BC-3, a cell line latently infected with HHV-8. High titers of antibody against HHV-8 lytic and latent antigens were detected in all 50 KS patients studied, while in 50 HIV-seronegative subjects without KS, 32 (64%) were found positive for HHV-8 antibodies. Titers in the sera of these patients were lower than those for KS patients. This data suggests that HHV-8 infection is not restricted to KS patients and that the prevalence of HHV-8 infection in the general population may be correlated with differing rates of prevalence of KS in different parts of the world. In view of these findings, possible nonsexual transmission routes were evaluated. Nested PCR was used to test for the presence of HHV-8 DNA in saliva, urine, and tonsillar swabs from KS and non-KS patients. In KS patients, 14 out of 32 tonsillar swabs (43.7%), 11 out of 24 saliva samples (45.8%), and just 2 out of 24 urine samples (8.3%) tested positive for HHV-8 DNA. In the control group, on the contrary, none of the 20 saliva and 20 urine specimens was positive for HHV-8 DNA; only 1 out of 22 tonsillar swabs gave a positive result. This data supports the hypothesis that HHV-8 infects the general population in a latent form. The reactivation of viral infection may result in salivary shedding of HHV-8, contributing to viral spread by nonsexual transmission routes.

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Human herpesvirus-8 antibodies and DNA in HIV-1 infected patients in South Africa

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268803001146 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 131 (3) ◽

pp. 1125-1129 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

L. ALAGIOZOGLOU ◽

L. MORRIS ◽

H. BREDELL ◽

D. J. MARTIN ◽

F. SITAS

Keyword(s):

Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽

Human Herpesvirus ◽

Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽

Outpatient Clinics ◽

Human Herpesvirus 8 ◽

Igg Antibodies ◽

Igg Antibody ◽

Herpesvirus 8 ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Hiv 1

HIV-infected individuals with high levels of IgG antibodies against human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) are at increased risk of developing Kaposi's sarcoma. The aim of this study was to measure the association between HHV-8 viraemia and IgG antibody responses (by immunofluorescence) in a group of 201 HIV-infected individuals attending outpatient clinics, 91 in-patients with AIDS and 87 HIV-infected patients admitted with Kaposi's sarcoma. Compared to HIV-infected outpatients, the adjusted odds ratio in relation to Kaposi's sarcoma was 15·4 (95% CI 4·4–54·2) in those with viraemia, 25·1 (95% CI 6·6–95·6) in those with a positive immunofluorescent signal and ∞ (lower exact CI 33·6) in those with a high immunofluorescent signal (all P trend <0·001). Among those without HHV-8 viraemia, 23% were IgG-positive, but only 5·5% had a high immunofluorescent signal. In those who were viraemic, 89·1% were IgG-positive, and 28·2% had a high immunofluorescent signal, suggesting viraemia is associated with high HHV-8 immunofluorescence IgG signal.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Seroreactivity to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) latent nuclear antigen in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma patients depends on CD4+ T-cell count.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1091864.545185 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Patrick S Moore

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽

Human Herpesvirus ◽

Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Human Herpesvirus 8 ◽

Nuclear Antigen ◽

Herpesvirus 8 ◽

Latent Nuclear Antigen ◽

Cd4 T Cell Count

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Detection of human herpesvirus 8 DNA and antibodies to latent nuclear and lytic-phase antigens in serial samples from aids patients with Kaposi’s sarcoma

Journal of Clinical Virology ◽

10.1016/s1386-6532(99)00078-5 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 247-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Lı́gia Camera Pierrotti ◽

Laura Masami Sumita ◽

Wilton Santos Freire ◽

Hélio Hehl Caiaffa Filho ◽

Vanda Akico Ueda Fick de Souza

Keyword(s):

Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽

Human Herpesvirus ◽

Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽

Human Herpesvirus 8 ◽

Aids Patients ◽

Herpesvirus 8 ◽

Serial Samples

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Activation of NF-κB by the Human Herpesvirus 8 Chemokine Receptor ORF74: Evidence for a Paracrine Model of Kaposi's Sarcoma Pathogenesis

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.75.18.8660-8673.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 75 (18) ◽

pp. 8660-8673 ◽

Cited By ~ 126

Author(s):

Shibani Pati ◽

Marielle Cavrois ◽

Hong-Guang Guo ◽

James S. Foulke ◽

Jynho Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Cells ◽

Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽

Vascular Endothelial Cells ◽

Inositol Phosphate ◽

Human Herpesvirus ◽

Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽

Lymphoid Cells ◽

Human Herpesvirus 8 ◽

Herpesvirus 8 ◽

Latently Infected

ABSTRACT Infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus, is necessary for the development of KS. The HHV-8 lytic-phase gene ORF74 is related to G protein-coupled receptors, particularly interleukin-8 (IL-8) receptors. ORF74 activates the inositol phosphate/phospholipase C pathway and the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinases, JNK/SAPK and p38. We show here that ORF74 also activates NF-κB independent of ligand when expressed in KS-derived HHV-8-negative endothelial cells or primary vascular endothelial cells. NF-κB activation was enhanced by the chemokine GROα, but not by IL-8. Mutation of Val to Asp in the ORF74 second cytoplasmic loop did not affect ligand-independent signaling activity, but it greatly increased the response to GROα. ORF74 upregulated the expression of NF-κB-dependent inflammatory cytokines (RANTES, IL-6, IL-8, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) and adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin). Supernatants from transfected KS cells activated NF-κB signaling in untransfected cells and elicited the chemotaxis of monocytoid and T-lymphoid cells. Expression of ORF74 conferred on primary endothelial cells a morphology that was strikingly similar to that of spindle cells present in KS lesions. Taken together, these data, demonstrating that ORF74 activates NF-κB and induces the expression of proangiogenic and proinflammatory factors, suggest that expression of ORF74 in a minority of cells in KS lesions could influence uninfected cells or latently infected cells via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, thereby contributing to KS pathogenesis.

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